Production Of Lysergic Acid By Genetic Modification Of A Fungus

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides a method of producing lysergic acid and other ergot alkaloids by genetic modification of a fungus. A strain of fungus comprising  Aspergillus fumigatus  ( A. fumigatus ) or any fungus having a pathway similar to  Aspergillus fumigatus  and expressing one or more genes of the ergot alkaloid biosynthesis pathway from one or more fungus selected from the group consisting of  Epichloë festucae  var.  lolii×Epichloë typhina  isolate Lp1 ( E.  sp. Lp1);  Claviceps  species;  Claviceps africana  ( C. africana );  Claviceps gigantea  ( C. gigantea );  Epichloë coenophiala  and  Periglandula  species, wherein gene easA or gene easM is inactivated in said  A. fumigatus  or said fungus having a pathway similar to  Aspergillus fumigatus,  is provided.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This utility patent application claims the benefit of priority to pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/739,382, filed on Jun. 15, 2015, which claims the benefit of expired pending U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/012,658, filed on Jun. 16, 2014. The entire contents of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/739,382 and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/012,658 are incorporated by reference into this utility patent application as if fully written herein.

GOVERNMENT SUPPORT

This invention was made with government support under Grant No. 2012-67013-19384 and Grant No. 2008-35318-04549 awarded by USDA NIFA and Hatch funds. The government has certain rights in this invention.

SEQUENCE LISTING

Following the Abstract of the Disclosure is set forth a paper copy of the SEQUENCE LISTING in written form (.PDF format) having SEQ ID NO:1 through SEQ ID NO:7. The paper copy of the SEQUENCE LISTING is incorporated by reference into this application. A SEQUENCE LISTING in computer-readable form (.txt file) having SEQ ID NO:1 through SEQ ID NO. 7 accompanies this application and is incorporated into this application. A Statement Of Identity Of Computer-Readable Form And Written Sequence Listing also accompanies this application.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a method of producing lysergic acid by genetically modifying a fungus. A method for producing dihydroergot alkaloids (dihydrolysergic acid and dihydrolysergol) and lysergol are also provided. This invention discloses the heterologous expression of lysergic acid and novel ergot alkaloids in Aspergillus fumigatus.

2. Description of the Background Art

Ergot alkaloids derived from lysergic acid have impacted human health for millennia, initially as toxins and more recently as pharmaceuticals; however, important aspects of ergot alkaloid biosynthesis remain unsolved. Ergot alkaloids are pharmaceutically and agriculturally relevant secondary metabolites synthesized by several species of fungi. Historically, ergot alkaloids caused periodic mass human poisonings due to infection of grain crops by the ergot fungus Claviceps purpurea (Matossian, 1989). Agriculturally, ergot alkaloids in forage grasses colonized by endophytic Epichloë spp. [including many fungi recently realigned from genus Neotyphodium (Leuchtmann et al., 2014)] continue to reduce weight gain and fitness in grazing animals (Schardl et al., 2012; Panaccione et al., 2014). Clinically, the structural similarities of ergot alkaloids to monoamine neurotransmitters allow them to treat cognitive and neurological maladies including dementia, migraines, and Parkinson's disease in addition to endocrine disorders such as type 2 diabetes and hyperprolactinemia (e.g., Baskys and Hau, 2007; Morren and Galvez-Jimenez, 2010; Perez-Lloret and Rascol, 2010; Winblad et al., 2008) (see ergot chart below). Indeed, the neurotransmitter-mimicking activities of ergot alkaloids are most infamously evident in the psychoactive drug LSD, a semisynthetic lysergic acid derivative (Hoffman, 1980). Several of the more important pharmaceutical ergot alkaloids are semi-synthetic dihydroergot alkaloids (dihydro prefix abbreviated as DH in subsequent text); natural DHergot alkaloids producers exist, but the genetic basis for their biosynthesis is unknown. In some embodiments of the invention, controlling the ergot alkaloid pathway will facilitate metabolic engineering strategies to produce libraries of ergot derivatives with potentially altered pharmacology. Moreover, by understanding different branches of the ergot alkaloid pathway, we will be able to prepare alternate starting materials for more efficient pharmaceutical synthesis.

Examples of pharmaceutical ergot alkaloids and their uses and derivations¹ Efficient Ergot Alkaloid Current semisynthetic semisynthetic (brand name) Clinical use(s) derivation derivation Nicergoline Senile dementia, From LA via other ergot From DHlysergol, (Sermion) Alzheimer's, alkaloids lysergol, or DHLA cerebral thrombosis Cabergoline Hyperprolactinemia, From LA via other ergot From DHLA (Caberlin, pituitary prolactinomas alkaloids Dostinex) Pergolide Parkinson's (elsewhere, From LA via other ergot From DHlysergol, (Permax) withdrawn in USA, 2007) alkaloids lysergol, or DHLA Bromocriptine Type 2 diabetes, From α-ergocryptine or (Parlodel, Parkinson's, LA via other ergot Cycloset) hyperprolactinemia alkaloids Ergoloid mesylates Senile dementia From ergopeptines or From DHergopeptines (Hydergine) LA via other ergot or DHLA alkaloids DHergotamine Migraines From ergotamine or LA From DHergotamine (DHE 45, via other ergot alkaloids or DHLA Migranal) ¹Abbreviations: LA, lysergic acid; DH, dihydro (meaning lacking a double bond in fourth ring of ergoline nucleus)

Lysergic acid that is used for pharmaceutical production is presently synthesized in one of two methods know by those skilled in the art generally. The first known method involves growing crops of rye that are later infected with an ergot alkaloid producing fungus Claviceps purpurea. During infection, C. purpurea produces structures called sclerotia in place of the native rye grains. The sclerotia contain complex alkaloids that are derived from lysergic acid. At the flowering stage of the rye, the fungus (which has been grown for 5-6 weeks in culture) is inoculated onto the flowers of the grass. Depending on weather conditions, the sclerotia can be harvested after 4-6 weeks. Total ergot alkaloids must be extracted from the sclerotia. All the alkaloids must then be hydrolyzed in a strong base to produce lysergic acid. The second known method is to grow mutant strains of either C. purpurea or Claviceps paspali in either stationary surface cultures or submerged cultures-all containing a growth medium. There are three cultivation steps: preinoculating tanks, seed tanks, and production fermenters, each requiring a different growth medium. The cultures are grown for several weeks. Our experiences have optimum alkaloid production after 7 weeks of growth. From our experience, alkaloid production is not guaranteed in this method. Similar to the first known method, total complex alkaloids must be extracted and hydrolyzed in this second known method to produce lysergic acid before purification of lysergic acid. The following publications describe the generalities of these known methods of producing lysergic acid: (1) Annis, S. L., and Panaccione, D. G. 1998. Presence of peptide synthetase gene transcripts and accumulation of ergopeptines in Claviceps purpurea and Neotyphodium coenophialum. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 44:80-86; (2) Coyle, C. M., Cheng, J. Z., O'Connor, S. E., Panaccione, D. G. 2010. An old yellow enzyme gene controls the branch point between Aspergillus fumigatus and Claviceps purpurea ergot alkaloid pathways. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76:3 898-3903; and (3) Kren, V., and Cvak, L. 1999. Ergot, The Genus Claviceps. Harwood Academic Publishers, Amsterdam, page 518.

Unlike the known methods of producing lysergic acid as described above, the present invention provides an efficient method of producing lysergic acid and its purification directly without the need to utilize complex alkaloids.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides methods for the efficient production of lysergic acid, dihydrolysergric acid, and lysergol.

Another embodiment of this invention provides a strain of fungus comprising Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) and expressing one or more genes of the ergot alkaloid biosynthesis pathways from one or more fungus selected from the group consisting of:

a. Epichloë festucae var. lolii×Epichloë typhina isolate Lp1 (E. sp. Lp1);

b. Claviceps species;

c. Claviceps africana (C. africana);

d. Claviceps gigantea (C. gigantea);

e. Periglandula species; and

f. Epichloë coenophiala, wherein gene easA or gene easM is inactivated in said A. fumigatus. This strain includes one or more genes of the ergot alkaloid biosynthesis that are selected from the group consisting of: easA and cloA. Preferably, the strain includes wherein said gene easA is inactivated in said A. fumigatus, and said one or more fungus is E. sp. Lp1. Another embodiment provides wherein the strain wherein said gene easA is inactivated in said A. fumigatus, and said one or more fungus is a Periglandula species or an Epichloë coenophiala strain that produces lysergol. More preferably, this strain includes wherein said gene easA is inactivated in said A. fumigatus, and said one or more fungi are a Periglandula species and E. sp. Lp1, wherein said expressing gene easA is from a Periglandula species or Epichloë coenophiala and said expressing gene cloA is from E. sp. Lp1. Another embodiment provides the strain including wherein said gene easA is inactivated in said A. fumigatus, and said one or more fungi are a Periglandula species or Epichloë coenophiala and E. sp. Lp1, wherein said expressing gene cloA is from a Periglandula species or Epichloë coenophiala and said expressing gene easA is from E. sp. Lp1. Yet another embodiment provides the strain wherein said gene easM is inactivated in A. fumigatus, said one or more fungus is E. sp. Lp1, and said expressing one or more genes of the ergot alkaloid biosynthesis is cloA. Another embodiment includes wherein the strain includes wherein said gene easM is inactivated in A. fumigatus, said one or more fungus is C. africana, and said expressing one or more genes of the ergot alkaloid biosynthesis is cloA. Another embodiment provides the strain wherein said gene easM is inactivated in said A. fumigatus, said one or more fungus is C. gigantea, and said expressing one or more genes of the ergot alkaloid biosynthesis is cloA.

Another embodiment provides a method for producing lysergic acid comprising inactivating an ergot alkaloid biosynthesis pathway gene from the fungus A. fumigatus and expressing genes easA and cloA from the fungus E. sp. Lp1, wherein said inactivated ergot alkaloid biosynthesis pathway gene is easA of A. fumigatus.

Another embodiment provides a method for producing novel ergot alkaloids comprising inactivating an ergot alkaloid biosynthesis pathway gene from the fungus A. fumigatus and expressing genes easA and cloA from the fungus E. sp. Lp1, wherein said inactivated ergot alkaloid biosynthesis pathway gene is easA of A. fumigatus.

Another embodiment provides a method for producing dihydrolysergic acid (DHLA) comprising inactivating gene easM in A. fumigatus and expressing gene cloA from E. sp. Lp1 or gene cloA from C. africana in said A. fumigatus strain.

Another embodiment provides a method for producing dihydrolysergol (DHlysergol) comprising inactivating gene easM in A. fumigatus and expressing one or more genes of the ergot alkaloid biosynthesis from C. gigantea selected from the group consisting of:

a. cloA; and

b. cloA and easA,

wherein said gene(s) from C. gigantea are expressed in said A. fumigatus strain.

Another embodiment of this invention provides a strain of fungus comprising a species of a fungus and expressing one or more genes of the ergot alkaloid biosynthesis pathways from one or more of said fungus, wherein said fungus has a pathway similar to A. fumigatus. Preferably, the strain includes wherein said one or more genes of the ergot alkaloid biosynthesis are selected from the group consisting of: easA and cloA. More preferably, the strain includes wherein said easA or cloA genes from said ergot alkaloid producing fungi are functionally similar to the genes from Claviceps purpurea or any of Epichloë species.

Another embodiment of this invention provides a method of producing ergot alkaloids in A. fumigatus comprising expressing ergot alkaloid synthesis genes from other fungi in A. fumigatus easA knockout or easM knockout, allowing native prenyl transferase EasL act on any ergot alkaloids so produced for producing prenylated alkaloids.

Another embodiment provides a method of producing ergot alkaloids in a strain of A. fumigatus comprising expressing a bidirectional easA/easG promoter of A. fumigatus to drive expression of oxidase genes in the A. fumigatus EasA knock-out background. Preferably, the method includes wherein said strain includes oxidase gene cloA from E. sp. Lp1. Preferably, the method includes providing a EasA gene from E. sp. Lp1 that is expressed in said A. fumigatus EasA knock-out background. More preferably, the method includes wherein said EasA gene from E. sp. Lp1 includes expression of cloA from E. sp. Lp1.

Another embodiment provides a method for the production of lysergic acid comprising providing for the expression of EasA/CloA in A. fumigatus easA knockout.

Another embodiment includes a method of producing a festuclavine-accumulating strain of A. fumigatus comprising a knock-out of the easM allele.

Another embodiment provides a method for producing lysergic acid in A. fumigatus easA knock-out providing amplifying E. sp. Lp1 easA and E. sp. Lp1 cloA for producing lysergic acid.

Another embodiment of this invention provides a method for accumulating lysergol comprising amplifying easA and cloA from Periglandula in plant material selected from the group consisting of Stictocardia tiliifolia, S. beraviensis, Argyreia, and Ipomoea species or Epichloë coenophiala from Lolium arundinaceum for accumulating lysergol.

Another embodiment provides a method for producing lysergol comprising providing expressing Periglandula sp. easA and P. sp. cloA or Epichloë coenophiala cloA in a A. fumigatus easA knock-out strain for producing lysergol.

Another embodiment provides a method for producing lysergol comprising expressing P. sp. easA or Epichloë coenophiala easA and Epichloë sp. Lp1 cloA in a A. fumigatus easA knock-out strain for producing lysergol.

Another embodiment provides a method for producing lysergol comprising A. fumigatus easA knock-out strain through expression of E. sp. Lp1 easA and P. sp. cloA or Epichloë coenophiala cloA for producing lysergol.

Preferably the methods of producing lysergol of this invention include amplifying said easA and cloA based on degenerate primers designed to anneal to versions of each gene.

Another embodiment of this invention provides a method for producing dihydrolysergic acid comprising expressing C. africana cloA under the control of a A. fumigatus easA promoter in A. fumigatus easM knock-out strain for producing dihydrolysergic acid.

Another embodiment of this invention provides a method for producing dihydrolysergic acid comprising expressing C. africana easA and C. africana cloA or E. sp. Lp1 cloA using a A. fumigatus easA/easG promoter for producing dihydrolysergic acid.

Another embodiment of this invention provides a method for producing dihydrolysergol comprising expressing C. gigantea cloA in A. fumigatus easM knock-out for producing dihydrolysergol. Preferably, the method includes joining said cloA to a easA promoter of A. fumigatus to form a cloA construct and introducing said cloA construct into A. fumigatus easM knock-out utilizing cotransformation with pBCphleo. More preferably, the method includes adding a C. gigantea easA expressed in a A. fumigatus easM knock-out as part of said cotransformation.

Another embodiment of this invention provides a strain of fungus comprising SEQ ID NO:4 or a strain of fungus comprising SEQ ID NO:7.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the intermediates and products of the ergot alkaloid pathway (as composited from branches found in different fungi).

FIG. 2 shows ergot alkaloid synthesis (eas) clusters from E. sp. Lp1 (A) and Aspergillus fumigatus (B), and design of transformation construct (C).

FIG. 3 shows qualitative RT-PCR demonstrating accumulation of mRNA from indicated genes in A. fumigatus easA ko transformants.

FIG. 4 shows an analysis of ergot alkaloids from transformed strains of A. fumigatus.

FIG. 5 shows mass spectra of two unknown alkaloids with hypothesized structures.

FIG. 6 shows (A) branch points and critical steps in the biosynthesis of ergot alkaloids in different lineages of fungi; and (B) rarely encountered ergot alkaloids (prophetic) originating from mutant pathways.

FIG. 7 shows ergot alkaloid synthesis (eas) gene clusters from several fungi.

FIG. 8 shows dual gene expression construct for expressing easA and cloA of E. sp. Lp1 in A. fumigatus easA ko. This construct was generated using fusion PCR techniques understood by those persons skilled in the art.

FIG. 9 shows analysis of ergot alkaloids from transformed strains of A. fumigatus.

FIG. 10 shows alternate origins of agroclavine and the origin of setoclavine.

FIG. 11 shows knockout of easM results in accumulation of festuclavin and eliminates fumigaclavins.

FIG. 12 shows the pathway from agroclavin to lysergic acid.

FIG. 13 shows pathway from festuclavine to dihydrolysergic acid (DHLA).

FIG. 14 shows Aspergillus fumigatus ergot alkaloid pathway.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Different lineages of fungi produce distinct classes of ergot alkaloids. Lysergic acid-derived ergot alkaloids produced by fungi in the Clavicipitaceae are particularly important in agriculture and medicine. The pathway to lysergic acid is partly elucidated, but the gene encoding the enzyme that oxidizes the intermediate agroclavine is unknown. We investigated two candidate agroclavine oxidase genes from the fungus Epichloë festucae var. lolii×Epichloë typhina isolate Lp1 (henceforth E. sp. Lp1), which produces lysergic acid-derived ergot alkaloids. Candidate genes easH and cloA were expressed in a mutant strain of the mold Aspergillus fumigatus, which typically produces a subclass of ergot alkaloids not derived from agroclavine or lysergic acid. Candidate genes were co-expressed with the E. sp. Lp1 allele of easA, which encodes an enzyme that catalyzed the synthesis of agroclavine from an A. fumigatus intermediate; the agroclavine then served as substrate for the candidate agroclavine oxidases. Strains expressing easA and cloA from E. sp. Lp1 produced lysergic acid from agroclavine, a process requiring a cumulative six electron oxidation and a double bond isomerization. Strains that accumulated excess agroclavine (as a result of E. sp. Lp1 easA expression in the absence of cloA) metabolized it into two novel ergot alkaloids for which structures were determined on the basis of mass spectra and precursor feeding studies. Our data indicate CloA catalyzes multiple reactions to produce lysergic acid from agroclavine and that combining genes from different ergot alkaloid pathways provides an effective strategy to engineer important pathway molecules and novel ergot alkaloids.

Ergot alkaloids derived from lysergic acid have impacted human lives for millennia, initially as toxins and more recently as pharmaceuticals; however, important aspects of lysergic acid biosynthesis remain unsolved. We combined genes from ergot alkaloid pathways from two fungal lineages to produce lysergic acid in the genetically tractable fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. In doing so, we demonstrated that a previously identified gene encodes additional activities required for lysergic acid biosynthesis. We also found that combining genes from ergot alkaloid pathways from different fungi resulted in production of completely novel ergot alkaloids. In some embodiments of the invention, controlling the ergot alkaloid pathway will facilitate production and development of pharmaceuticals for the treatment of dementia and other cognitive or neurological disorders.

Ergot alkaloids (EA) are agriculturally and pharmaceutically relevant secondary metabolites synthesized by several species of fungi. Historically, EA caused periodic mass poisonings due to infection of grain crops by the ergot fungus Claviceps purpurea (1). Agriculturally, EA in forage grasses colonized by endophytic Epichloë spp. [including many fungi recently realigned from genus Neotyphodium (2)] reduce weight gain and fitness in grazing animals (3, 4). Clinically, the structural similarities of EA to neurotransmitters allow EA to treat cognitive and neurological maladies including dementia, migraines, and Parkinson's disease (5-7). The neurotransmitter-mimicking activities of EA are most infamously evident in the psychoactive drug LSD, a semisynthetic EA derivative (8).

Representatives of two major families of fungi—the Clavicipitaceae and the Trichocomaceae—produce EA. All EA-producing fungi share early pathway steps before diverging to produce lineage-specific classes of EA (FIG. 1). Members of the Clavicipitaceae, including Claviceps purpurea or the endophytic Epichloë species such as E. festucae var. lolii×E. typhina isolate Lp1 (2, 9) (henceforth called E. sp. Lp1), synthesize lysergic acid-based alkaloids in which the D ring of the ergoline nucleus is unsaturated between carbons 9 and 10, and carbon 17 is highly oxidized (FIG. 1) (4, 10, 11). EA-producing fungi in the Trichocomaceae, such as the opportunistic human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus, produce clavine-based derivatives in which the D ring is saturated and carbon 17 remains reduced as a methyl group (12, 13).

The branch point of the pathway occurs during D ring closure. In A. fumigatus, the 8,9 double bond in chanoclavine aldehyde is reduced by the enzyme EasA, allowing the aldehyde group free rotation to interact with the secondary amine to promote ring closure via Schiff base formation (14-16). The resulting iminium ion is subsequently reduced by EasG to form festuclavine (16, 17), which may be modified at carbons 9 and/or 2 to form various fumigaclavine derivatives (FIG. 1). Most EA-producing fungi in the Clavicipitaceae, however, synthesize the 8,9 unsaturated clavine agroclavine from chanoclavine aldehyde via the activity of an alternate version of EasA that acts as an isomerase rather than a reductase (15, 17). In C. purpurea and Epichloë spp., agroclavine is oxidized to form elymoclavine, and elymoclavine is further oxidized and isomerized to form lysergic acid (FIG. 1). Lysergic acid is then incorporated into ergopeptines and/or lysergic acid amides. Lysergic acid derivatives are the EA used for pharmaceutical development, but these compounds are produced exclusively in clavicipitaceous fungi and not in model organisms that would facilitate their modification and development.

The genetics of many steps in the EA pathway has been characterized; however, the identity of the gene encoding the oxidase that converts agroclavine to elymoclavine has remained elusive. All known genes involved in ergot alkaloid synthesis (eas genes) in both A. fumigatus and the Clavicipitaceae have been found in clusters (FIG. 2) (11, 18-24). The roles of many of the genes in eas clusters have been determined by gene knockout or by expression of coding sequences in Escherichia coli. Among the genes in eas clusters of lysergic acid-producing fungi, two genes stand out as candidates to encode the enzyme that oxidizes agroclavine. The gene labeled easH encodes a product with high similarity to dioxygenases (10, 19, 25); at the time this present work was conducted, its role in the pathway had not been tested, but very recently EasH has been demonstrated to oxidize lysergyl-peptide lactams to facilitate their cyclolization to ergopeptines (25). This gene is present in both A. fumigatus and Epichloë spp.; however, the copy found in A. fumigatus (which lacks agroclavine and lysergic acid derivatives) is a pseudogene (10). The gene named cloA, for clavine oxidase (26), is a second candidate. Haarmann et al. (26) showed that CloA was required for oxidation of carbon 17 of elymoclavine during synthesis of lysergic acid and speculated that CloA also oxidized the same carbon in agroclavine. Only fungi that produce lysergic acid-derived alkaloids contain cloA in their eas clusters (18-24).

To test each candidate gene, a heterologous expression system was designed using an A. fumigatus easA knock out (easA ko) (15) as the host strain, which allowed for precise pathway control based on insertion of an agroclavine-specific allele of easA. Constructs used for transformation contained three elements: easA from E. sp. Lp1, a bidirectional easA/easG promoter from A. fumigatus, and the candidate gene (either easH or cloA) amplified from E. sp. Lp1 (FIG. 2). Co-expression of the E. sp. Lp1 allele of easA in the easA ko background of A. fumigatus allows accumulation of agroclavine (15, 17), which served as substrate for the enzyme expressed from the candidate gene in the construct. This combinatorial approach allowed clear testing of the two candidate genes and identification of the gene encoding the agroclavine-oxidizing enzyme. Moreover, production of agroclavine in A. fumigatus allowed accumulation of novel ergot alkaloids as a result of the activity of native A. fumigatus enzymes on agroclavine.

Results

Aspergillus fumigatus easA ko was successfully transformed with constructs for expressing either easA/easH or easA/cloA of E. sp. Lp1. Evidence of successful transformation and expression of the E. sp. Lp1 genes included accumulation of mRNA from both E. sp. Lp1 genes introduced with a particular construct (FIG. 3). Further evidence of successful expression of the introduced genes was the altered ergot alkaloid profiles observed by HPLC with fluorescence detection (FIG. 4, Table 1). As described previously (15), the recipient strain, A. fumigatus easA ko, accumulated primarily chanoclavine and also small quantities of agroclavine [arising via a non-catalyzed keto-enol tautomerization of chanoclavine aldehyde (15)] and larger quantities of its oxidation product setoclavine. Transformants expressing E. sp. Lp1 easA/easH accumulated chanoclavine and significantly more agroclavine and setoclavine/isosetoclavine than did the non-transformed recipient strain, indicating successful expression of the easA allele of E. sp. Lp1 without further modification of the ergot alkaloid profile by the product of easH. The same ergot alkaloid profile was observed in a previous study in which C. purpurea easA was expressed in A. fumigatus easA ko (15). Strains that expressed the E. sp. Lp1 easA/cloA construct also accumulated chanoclavine, agroclavine, and setoclavine/isosetoclavine but at levels comparable to the parent strain A. fumigatus easA ko. In addition, the easA/cloA expressing strains accumulated a pair of polar compounds that co-eluted with lysergic acid/isolysergic acid standards (FIG. 4). The identity of the compounds as lysergic acid and its diastereoisomer was supported by LC-MS analyses in which the easA/cloA strains produced parent ions and fragments identical to those arising from the lysergic acid standard. These data indicate that CloA catalyzes a cumulative six electron oxidation of agroclavine to lysergic acid and that CloA or EasA isomerizes the 8,9 double bond in the D ring to the 9,10 position. Expression of constructs in which easA from E. sp. Lp1 was replaced by easA from Claviceps fusiformis [a species whose pathway ends at elymoclavine and thus never isomerizes an 8,9 double bond to a 9,10 double bond (21)], still resulted in production of lysergic acid. This observation supports the hypothesis that double bond isomerase activity resides on CloA rather than EasA. The amount of lysergic acid extracted from easA/cloA cultures varied depending on the solvent used. Both 98% methanol+2% acetic acid and 10% (w/v) aqueous ammonium carbonate extracted significantly more (approximately 2.5 fold) lysergic acid than did unsupplemented methanol (P=0.006).

In addition to known ergot alkaloids described above, strains transformed with constructs containing either easA/easH or easA/cloA fragments accumulated two novel alkaloids referred to as unknown A (unk A) and unknown B (unk B) (FIG. 4; Table 1). The easA/easH strain, which accumulated significantly more agroclavine and setoclavine than did the easA/cloA strain, also accumulated significantly greater quantities of unk A and B. Unk A fluoresced more intensely at the 272/372 nm wavelength settings than at the 310/410 nm wavelength settings, which is typical of ergot alkaloids lacking a double bond between positions 9 and 10 of the ergoline nucleus (12). In contrast unk B fluoresced ten times more intensely at 310/410 nm wavelengths than at the 272/372 nm wavelength setting, indicating the presence of a 9,10 double bond (12). LC-MS analyses revealed that unk A and B had molecular ions with masses of 307.3 and 323.2, respectively (FIG. 5). The molecular ion of unk A corresponds to the mass of [agroclavine+H]⁺ with an additional prenyl group, whereas, the molecular ion of unk B corresponds to the mass of [setoclavine+H]⁺ with an additional prenyl group.

To test the hypothesis that unk A and B correspond to prenylated version of agroclavine and setoclavine, agroclavine was fed to three isolates of A. fumigatus: 1) easA ko, the transformation recipient, which was derived from A. fumigatus isolate FGSC A1141 and contains a functional copy of the ergot alkaloid prenyl transferase gene easL (27); 2) Af 293, a wild-type strain that also has a functional copy of easL (27); and, 3) NRRL 164, a strain unable to produce the prenylated ergot alkaloid fumigaclavine C due to a mutation resulting in a premature stop codon in easL (27). Agroclavine-fed cultures of all isolates contained some unmetabolized agroclavine and its oxidation product setoclavine. However, only easA ko and Af 293, which contain functional copies of the prenyl transferase gene easL, accumulated unk A and unk B (Table 2). These data are consistent with unk A and B being agroclavine and setoclavine, respectively, prenylated by the prenyl transferase encoded by easL.

Our results demonstrate that the P450 monooxygenase encoded by cloA of E. sp. Lp1 catalyzes successive oxidations of agroclavine to produce lysergic acid. The data also suggest that CloA catalyzes the double bond isomerization, from position 8,9 to 9,10. Our strategy for testing the function of the genes easH and cloA through heterologous expression in an A. fumigatus background that was modified simultaneously to produce the substrate agroclavine was effective. Consistent with the data of Coyle et al. (15), both easA/easH and easA/cloA mutants produced agroclavine, as a result of expressing E. sp. Lp1 easA. In addition, both types of transformants accumulated setoclavine and isosetoclavine, diastereoisomers formed by the oxidation of agroclavine by endogenous peroxidases in A. fumigatus and dozens of other fungi and plants (15, 28, 29). However, only transformants containing the easA/cloA construct yielded lysergic acid. The lesser quantities of agroclavine and setoclavine observed in the easA/cloA transformants, compared to the easA/easH strains, are consistent with the easA/cloA strains having CloA to oxidize accumulating agroclavine. The accumulation of lysergic acid in CloA-expressing strains indicates that the enzyme performs multiple catalytic steps: a two electron oxidation of agroclavine to elymoclavine, then a pair of two electron oxidations to convert elymoclavine to lysergic acid, presumably via an undetected aldehyde intermediate (30). The role of CloA in catalyzing multiple oxidations to form paspalic acid or lysergic acid was previously hypothesized by Haarmann et al. (26). Our data also indicate that CloA catalyzes the double bond isomerization. Although a role for E. sp. Lp1 EasA (introduced on the same construct) in the double bond isomerization cannot be excluded, the observation that an easA/cloA construct containing easA from C. fusiformis (lacking lysergic acid and thus the need to isomerize the double bond in ring D) still produced lysergic acid, indicates that the double bond isomerase activity resides on CloA.

The lack of detectable elymoclavine—the first oxidation product of cloA acting on agroclavine—or any other intermediates in the oxidation series to lysergic acid in our positive transformants indicates that CloA may bind agroclavine and execute successive oxidations before releasing lysergic acid. The lack of detectable paspalic acid (which is the 8,9-double bond isomer of lysergic acid) in our lysergic acid-positive transformants indicates that the double bond isomerization, from position 8,9 (as in agroclavine and elymoclavine) to position 9,10 (as in lysergic acid and derivatives thereof), occurs while substrate is bound to CloA. Moreover, young cultures (<3 days old) yielded lesser quantities of lysergic acid when extracted with methanol but significantly more when extracted with acetic acid-supplemented methanol or ammonium carbonate. One interpretation of this observation is that the acid or base helped denature CloA, releasing otherwise bound product for detection.

An unexpected and important finding of this study was the accumulation of two novel alkaloids, unk A and B, from both mutants but in greater quantities in the easA/easH transformants, which accumulated greater concentrations of agroclavine and setoclavine. The structure of each unknown, with a prenyl group on carbon 2 of either agroclavine or setoclavine, comes from three observations. First, the elution time and fluorescence properties of each analyte were consistent with predicted properties of prenylated forms of agroclavine and setoclavine. Second, the molecular weights are consistent with either agroclavine or setoclavine, with a 68 amu moiety attached, which corresponds to the mass of a prenyl group. Finally, and most importantly, the accumulation of the compounds was restricted to strains of A. fumigatus that have a functional copy of the prenyl transferase FgaPT1 (encoded by the ergot alkaloid cluster gene easL). FgaPT1 is responsible for prenylating fumigaclavine A to fumigaclavine C (31), and the discovery of 2-prenylated versions of additional ergot alkaloids, such as 2-prenylated festuclavine and 2-prenylated fumigaclavine B (32), indicates that FgaPT1 accepts other ergot alkaloids as substrates. The easA ko mutant that served as the recipient in our transformations was derived from A. fumigatus FGSC A1141, which accumulates fumigaclavine C (27), demonstrating that it has a functional copy of easL. Our data demonstrates that a combinatorial approach based on expression of enzymes from a different lineage of ergot alkaloid producers in A. fumigatus can yield novel ergot alkaloids. Based on their structures, it is possible that unk A and unk B will have activities similar to those of fumigaclavine C, which has been shown to have anti-inflammatory activity (33).

In summation, our method of the present invention of heterologous expression of easA (to produce agroclavine substrate) along with candidate oxidase genes easH or cloA successfully demonstrated that cloA is necessary for lysergic acid production from agroclavine. The production of lysergic acid in an experimentally tractable and fast-growing organism such as A. fumigatus is significant because lysergic acid is used as a base for modification in numerous pharmaceutical products, including the drugs nicergoline, cabergoline, and metergoline (34). Currently, lysergic acid is mass produced by hydrolysis of more complex ergot alkaloids or isomerization of paspalic acid obtained from two-stage fermentation cultures or from ergots obtained from inoculated plants (34). In contrast, our easA/cloA mutant produces lysergic acid directly. In addition, A. fumigatus has the potential to be a better industrial fungus in terms of growth rate and ease of genetic manipulation. Therefore, the easA/cloA mutant of this invention is of industrial use in providing a more direct means of producing lysergic acid or derivatives thereof.

Methods and Materials

Preparation of transformation constructs. Each candidate oxidase gene (easH or cloA) was incorporated into a three-component construct that contained a bidirectional promoter from A. fumigatus (originating from the divergently transcribed genes easA and easG) centered between the candidate oxidase gene from E. sp. Lp1 and the allele of easA from E. sp. Lp1 (FIG. 2). The bidirectional promoter drove expression of both the candidate oxidase gene and E. sp. Lp1 easA. The easA allele was included to generate agroclavine as substrate for the product of the candidate gene. Constructs were generated by fusion PCRs.

Fungal transformation. Candidate oxidase constructs were co-transformed into A. fumigatus easA ko (15), along with the selectable marker pAMD1, which contains the acetamidase gene of Aspergillus nidulans (35). Transformants capable of utilizing acetamide as a source of nitrogen were selected on acetamide medium (36). The transformation protocol was based on previously described methods (15, 18). mRNA analysis. Cultures were grown in 50 mL of malt extract broth (Difco, Detroit, Mich.) in a 250 mL flask for 1 day while shaking at 80 rpm at 37° C. to form a mat of hyphae on the surface of the broth. The mat was transferred to an empty Petri dish and incubated at 37° C. for an additional day to promote conidiation. RNA was extracted from approximately 100 mg of conidiating colony with the Plant RNeasy kit (Qiagen, Gaithersburg, Md.), treated with DNaseI (Qiagen), and reverse transcribed with Superscript II (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). The presence of transcripts from individual genes was tested by PCR with gene-specific primers The absence of genomic DNA in individual cDNA preps was confirmed by priming amplification with oligonucleotides that flank an intron.

Alkaloid analysis. For quantitative analyses, colonies were grown on malt extract agar [15 g malt extract+15 g agar per L] for 11 days. Samples of approximately 50 mm² surface area were collected with the broad end of a 1000-μL pipet tip. Unless otherwise indicated, alkaloids were extracted with 98% methanol+2% acetic acid at 55° C. for 30 min. Alternate extractions were conducted with 100% methanol or 10% aqueous ammonium acetate. Conidia in each extract were counted to provide an estimate of fungal biomass. Extracts clarified by centrifugation were then analyzed by reverse-phase HPLC with fluorescence detection (12). Lysergic acid standard was prepared by hydrolyzing 1 mg of ergotamine tartrate (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.) in 100 μL of 1.2 M NaOH at 75° C. for 6 hr, followed by neutralization with a 1.2 M solution of HCl, purification on a C18 SPE column (Biotage, Charlotte, N.C.), and verification by LC-MS. Chanoclavine was obtained from Alfarma (Prague, Czech Republic), agroclavine was obtained from Fisher (Pittsburgh, Pa.), and setoclavine was prepared by oxidizing agroclavine as previously described (28, 29). Quantities of alkaloids among strains were compared by ANOVA and, when ANOVA indicated a significant effect of fungal strain on alkaloid quantity (P<0.05), means were separated by a Tukey-Kramer test. Statistical analyses were performed with AV (SAS, Cary, N.C.). For LC-MS analysis, cultures were grown for 1 week on malt extract agar. Conidiating cultures were washed repeatedly with 4 mL of HPLC-grade methanol. After pelleting conidia and mycelia by centrifugation, the supernatant was concentrated to 100 μL in a speedvac, and 10 μL was analyzed by LC-MS as described previously (37).

Precursor feeding study. The ability of strains of A. fumigatus to convert agroclavine or setoclavine into unk A or B was tested by feeding agroclavine to the following A. fumigatus strains: NRRL 164, which lacks a functional copy of easL, and easA ko and Af 293, which have functional copies of easL (27). Six replicate cultures of each strain were grown from 60,000 conidia in 200 μL of malt extract broth in a 2-mL microcentrifuge tube. Cultures were supplemented with 37 nmol of agroclavine in 1 μL of methanol or with 1 μL methanol as a control. An additional control was malt extract broth without conidia but with 1 μL of agroclavine (37 nmol). The cultures were incubated for 1 week at 37° C. and then extracted by the addition of 300 μL of methanol along with ten 3-mm diameter glass beads followed by bead-beating in a Fastprep 120 (Bio101, Carlsbad, Calif.) at 6 m/s for 30 s. Alkaloids were analyzed by HPLC with fluorescence detection as described above.

The above research with lysergic acid was conducted with licenses from the West Virginia Board of Pharmacy (TI0555042) and the US Drug Enforcement Agency (RP0463353).

REFERENCES NOTED HEREIN

-   1. Matossian M K (1989) Poisons of the past: molds, epidemics, and     history. Yale University Press, New Haven. -   2. Leuchtmann A, Bacon C W, Schardl C L, White J F, Tadych M (2014)     Nomenclatural realignment of Neotyphodium species with genus     Epichloë. Mycologia 106: (in press). -   3. Schardl C L, Young C A, Faulkner J R, Florea S, Pan, J (2012)     Chemotypic diversity of epichloae, fungal symbionts of grasses.     Fungal Ecol 5(3):331-344. -   4. Panaccione D G, Beaulieu W T, Cook D (2014) Bioactive alkaloids     in vertically transmitted fungal endophytes. Funct Ecology     28(2):299-314. -   5. Baskys A, Hou A C (2007) Vascular dementia: pharmacological     treatment approaches and perspectives. Clin Interv Aging     2(3):327-335. -   6. Morren J A, Galvez-Jimenez N (2010) Where is dihydroergotamine     mesylate in the changing landscape of migraine therapy? Expert Opin     Pharmacother 11(18):3085-3093. -   7. Perez-Lloret S, Rascol O (2010). Dopamine receptor agonists for     the treatment of early or advanced Parkinson's disease. CNS Drugs     24(11):941-968. -   8. Hofmann A (1980) LSD—my problem child. McGraw-Hill, New York. -   9. Schardl C L, Leuchtmann A, Tsai H F, Collett M A, Watt D M, Scott     D B (1994) Origin of a fungal symbiont of perennial ryegrass by     interspecific hybridization of a mutualist with the ryegrass choke     pathogen, Epichloë typhina. Genetics 136(4):1307-1317. -   10. Schardl C, Panaccione D G, Tudzynski P (2006) Ergot     alkaloids—biology and molecular biology. Alkaloids Chem Biol     63(2006):45-86. -   11. Lorenz N, Haarmann T, Pazoutov S, Jung M, Tudzynski P (2009) The     ergot alkaloid gene cluster: functional analyses and evolutionary     aspects. Phytochemistry 70(15):1822-1832. -   12. Panaccione D G, Ryan K L, Schardl C L, Florea S (2012) Analysis     and modification of ergot alkaloid profiles in fungi. Methods     Enzymol 515:267-290. -   13. Wallwey C, Li S-M (2011) Ergot alkaloids: structure diversity,     biosynthetic gene clusters and functional proof of biosynthetic     genes. Nat Prod Rep 28(3):496-510. -   14. Cheng J Z, Coyle C M, Panaccione D G, O'Connor S E (2010) A role     for old yellow enzyme in ergot alkaloid biosynthesis. J Am Chem Soc     132(6):1776-1777. -   15. Coyle C M, Cheng J Z, O'Connor S E. Panaccione D G (2010) An old     yellow enzyme gene controls the branch point between Aspergillus     fumigatus and Claviceps purpurea ergot alkaloid pathways. Appl     Environ Microbiol 76(12):3898-3903. -   16. Wallwey C, Matuschek M, Li S-M (2010) Ergot alkaloid     biosynthesis in Aspergillus fumigatus: Conversion of chanoclavine-I     to chanoclavine-I aldehyde catalyzed by a shortchain alcohol     dehydrogenase FgaDH. Arch Microbiol 192(2):127-134. -   17. Cheng J Z, Coyle C M, Panaccione D G, O'Connor S E (2010)     Controlling a structural branch point in ergot alkaloid     biosynthesis. J Am Chem Soc 132(37):12835-12837. -   18. Coyle C M, Panaccione D G (2005) An ergot alkaloid biosynthesis     gene and clustered hypothetical genes from Aspergillus fumigatus.     Appl Environ Microbiol 71(6):3112-3118. -   19. Haarmann T, et al (2005) The ergot alkaloid gene cluster in     Claviceps purpurea: extension of the cluster sequence and intra     species evolution. Phytochemistry 66(11):1312-1320. -   20. Fleetwood D J, Scott B, Lane G A, Tanaka A, Johnson R D (2007) A     complex ergovaline gene cluster in Epichloë endophytes of grasses.     Appl Environ Microbiol 73(8):2571-2579. -   21. Lorenz N, Wilson E V, Machado C, Schardl C L, Tudzynski P (2007)     Comparison of ergot alkaloid biosynthesis gene clusters in Claviceps     species indicates loss of late pathway steps in evolution of C.     fusiformis. Appl Environ Microbiol 73(22):7185-7191. -   22. Unsold I A, Li S. M (2005) Overproduction, purification and     characterization of FgaPT2, a dimethylallyltryptophan synthase from     Aspergillus fumigatus. Microbiology 151(5):1499-1505. -   23. Schardl C L, et al (2013a) Plant-symbiotic fungi as chemical     engineers: multi-genome analysis of the Clavicipitaceae reveals     dynamics of alkaloid loci. PLoS Genet 9(2):e1003323. -   24. Schardl C L, et al (2013b) Currencies of mutualisms: Sources of     alkaloid genes in vertically transmitted epichloae. Toxins     5(6):1064-1088. -   25. Havemann J, Vogel D, Loll B, Keller U (2014) Cyclolization of     D-lysergic acid alkaloid peptides. Chem Biol 21(1):146-155. -   26. Haarmann T, Ortel I, Tudzynski P, Keller U (2006) Identification     of the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase that bridges the clavine and     ergoline alkaloid pathways. Chembiochem 7(4):645-652. -   27. Robinson S L, Panaccione D G (2012) Chemotypic and genotypic     diversity in the ergot alkaloid pathway of Aspergillus fumigatus.     Mycologia 104(4):804-812. -   28. Béliveau J, Ramstad E (1967) 8-Hydroxylation of agroclavine and     elymoclavine by fungi. Llyodia 29(3):234-238. -   29. Panaccione D G, Tapper B A, Lane G A, Davies E, Fraser K (2003)     Biochemical outcome of blocking the ergot alkaloid pathway of a     grass endophyte. J Agric Food Chem 51(22):6429-6437. -   30. Lin C L, et al. (1973) Biosynthesis of ergot alkaloids:     Synthesis of 6-methyl-8-acetoxymethylene-9-ergolene and its     incorporation into ergotoxine by Claviceps. J Org Chem     38(12):2249-2251. -   31. Unsold I A, Li S-M (2006) Reverse prenyltransferase in the     biosynthesis of fumigaclavine C in Aspergillus fumigatus: gene     expression, purification, and characterization of fumigaclavine C     synthase FgaPT1. Chembiochem 7(1):158-164. -   32. Ge H M, Yu Z G, Zhang J, Wu J H, Tan R X (2009) Bioactive     alkaloids from endophytic Aspergillus fumigatus. J Nat Prod     72(4):753-755. -   33. Du R H, Li E G, Cao Y, Song Y C, Tan R X (2011) Fumigaclavine C     inhibits tumor necrosis factor α production via suppression of     toll-like receptor 4 and nuclear factor κB activation in     macrophages. Life Sci 89(7):235-240. -   34. Cvak L (1999) in Ergot: The Genus Claviceps. eds Kren V, Cvak L     (Harwood, Amsterdam), pp 373-409. -   35. Hynes M J, Corrick C M, King J A (1983) Isolation of genomic     clones containing the amdS gene of Aspergillus nidulans and their     use in the analysis of structural and regulatory mutations. Mol Cell     Biol 3(8):1430-1439. -   36. Panaccione D G, Scott-Craig J S, Pocard J A, Walton J D (1992) A     cyclic peptide synthetase gene required for pathogenicity of the     fungus Cochliobolus carbonum on maize. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA     89(14):6590-6594. -   37. Ryan K L, Moore C T, Panaccione D G (2013) Partial     reconstruction of the ergot alkaloid pathway by heterologous gene     expression in Aspergillus nidulans. Toxins 5(2):445-455. -   Robinson, S. L., and Panaccione, D. G. 2014. Heterologous expression     of lysergic acid and novel ergot alkaloids in Aspergillus fumigatus.     Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80:6465-6472. -   Agurell S, Ramstad E. 1965. A new ergot alkaloid from Mexican maize     ergot. Acta Pharm Suecica 2:231-238. -   Barrow K D, Mantle P G, Quigley F R. 1974. Biosynthesis of     dihydroergot alkaloids. Tet Lett 16:1557-1560. -   Baskys A, Hou A C. 2007. Vascular dementia: pharmacological     treatment approaches and perspectives. Clin Interv Aging 2:327-335. -   Béliveau J, Ramstad E. 1967. 8-Hydroxylation of agroclavine and     elymoclavine by fungi. Llyodia 29:234-238. -   Cheng J Z, Coyle C M, Panaccione D G, O'Connor S E. 2010a. A role     for old yellow enzyme in ergot alkaloid biosynthesis. J Amer Chem     Soc 132:1776-1777. -   Cheng J Z, Coyle C M, Panaccione D G, O'Connor S E. 2010b.     Controlling a structural branch point in ergot alkaloid     biosynthesis. J Amer Chem Soc 132:12835-12837. -   Coyle C M, Panaccione D G. 2005. An ergot alkaloid biosynthesis gene     and clustered hypothetical genes from Aspergillus fumigatus. Appl     Environ Microbiol 71:3112-3118. -   Coyle C M, Cheng J Z, O'Connor S E, Panaccione D G. 2010. An old     yellow enzyme gene controls the branch point between Aspergillus     fumigatus and Claviceps purpurea ergot alkaloid pathways. Appl     Environ Microbiol 76:3898-3903. -   Gao, Q., Jin, K., Ying, S-H., Qiang, Zhang Y, Xiao G, Shang Y, Duan     Z, Hu X, Xie X-Q, Zhou G, Peng G, Luo Z, Huang W, Wang B, Fang W,     Wang S, Zhong Y, Ma L-J, St. Leger R J, Zhao G-P, Pei Y, Feng M-G,     Xia Y, Wang C. 2011. Genome sequencing and comparative     transcriptomics of the model entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium     anisopliae and M acridum. PLoS Genet 7:e1001264. -   Goetz K E, Coyle C M, Cheng J Z, O'Connor S E, Panaccione D G. 2011.     Ergot cluster-encoded catalase is required for synthesis of     chanoclavine-I in Aspergillus fumigatus. Curr Genet 57:201-211. -   Gröger, D., & Floss, H. G. 1997. Biochemistry of ergot     alkaloids-achievements and challenges. Alkaloids: Chem Biol     50:171-218. -   Haarmann T, Ortel I, Tudzynski P, Keller U. 2006. Identification of     the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase that bridges the clavine and     ergoline alkaloid pathways. Chembiochem 7:645-652. -   Hofmann A. 1980. LSD—my problem child. McGraw-Hill, New York. -   Hynes M J, Corrick C M, King J A. 1983. Isolation of genomic clones     containing the amdS gene of Aspergillus nidulans and their use in     the analysis of structural and regulatory mutations. Mol Cell Biol     3:1430-1439. -   Langfelder, K., Jahn, B., Gehringer, H., Schmidt, A., Wanner, G., &     Brakhage, A. A. 1998. Identification of a polyketide synthase gene     (pksP) of Aspergillus fumigatus involved in conidial pigment     biosynthesis and virulence. Med Microbiol Immunol 187:79-89. -   Leuchtmann A, Bacon C W, Schardl C L, White J F, Tadych M. 2014.     Nomenclatural realignment of Neotyphodium species with genus     Epichloë. Mycologia 106: (in press) doi:10.3852/14-060. -   Liu, Y. G., Chen, Y. 2007. High-efficiency thermal asymmetric     interlaced PCR for amplification of unknown flanking sequences.     BioTechniques 43:649-656. -   Liu Y G, Chen Y, Zhang Q. 2005. Amplification of genomic sequences     flanking T-DNA insertions by thermal asymmetric interlaced     polymerase chain reaction. Methods Mol Biol 286:341-348. -   Lorenz N, Haarmann T, Pazoutova S, Jung M, Tudzynski P. 2009. The     ergot alkaloid gene cluster: functional analyses and evolutionary     aspects. Phytochemistry 70:1822-1832. -   Maier, W., Schumann, B., & Gröger, D. 1988. Microsomal oxygenases     involved in ergoline alkaloid biosynthesis of various Claviceps     strains. J Basic Microbiol 28:83-93. -   Matossian M K. 1989. Poisons of the past: molds, epidemics, and     history. Yale University Press, New Haven. -   Matuschek M, Wallwey C, Xie X, Li S M. 2011. New insights into ergot     alkaloid biosynthesis in Claviceps purpurea: an agroclavine synthase     EasG catalyses, via a non-enzymatic adduct with reduced glutathione,     the conversion of chanoclavine-I aldehyde to agroclavine. Org Biomol     Chem 9:4328-4335. -   Morren J A, Galvez-Jimenez N. 2010. Where is dihydroergotamine     mesylate in the changing landscape of migraine therapy? Expert Opin     Pharmacother 11:3085-3093. -   Panaccione D G, Coyle C M. 2005. Abundant respirable ergot alkaloids     from the common airborne fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. Appl Environ     Microbiol 71:3106-3111. -   Panaccione, D. G., Tapper, B. A., Lane, G. A., Davies, E., and     Fraser, K. 2003. Biochemical outcome of blocking the ergot alkaloid     pathway of a grass endophyte. J Agric Food Chem 51:6429-6437. -   Panaccione D G, Cipoletti J R, Sedlock A B, Blemings K P, Schardl C     L, Machado C, Seidel G E. 2006. Effects of ergot alkaloids on food     preference and satiety in rabbits, as assessed with gene knockout     endophytes in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). J Agric Food Chem     54:4582-4587. -   Panaccione D G, Ryan K L, Schardl C L, Florea S. 2012. Analysis and     modification of ergot alkaloid profiles in fungi. Methods Enzymol     515:267-290. -   Panaccione D G, Beaulieu W T, Cook D. 2014. Bioactive alkaloids in     vertically transmitted fungal endophytes. Funct Ecol 27:299-314. -   Panaccione D G. 2005. Origins and significance of ergot alkaloid     diversity in fungi. FEMS Microbiol Lett 251:9-17. -   Pa{hacek over (z)}outová S. 2001. The phylogeny and evolution of the     genus Claviceps. Mycol Res 105:275-283. -   Perez-Lloret S, Rascol O. 2010. Dopamine receptor agonists for the     treatment of early or advanced Parkinson's disease. CNS Drugs     24:941-968. -   Riederer B, Han M, Keller U. 1996. D-Lysergyl peptide synthetase     from the ergot fungus Claviceps purpurea. J Biol Chem     271:27524-27530. -   Robinson S L, Panaccione D G. 2012. Chemotypic and genotypic     diversity in the ergot alkaloid pathway of Aspergillus fumigatus.     Mycologia 104:804-812. -   Robinson, S. L., and Panaccione, D. G. 2014. Heterologous expression     of lysergic acid and novel ergot alkaloids in Aspergillus fumigatus.     Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80:6465-6472. -   Rutschmann J, Kobel H, Schreier E. 1967. Heterocyclic carboxylic     acids and their production. U.S. Pat. No. 3,314,961. -   Ryan K L, Moore C T, Panaccione D G. 2013. Partial reconstruction of     the ergot alkaloid pathway by heterologous gene expression in     Aspergillus nidulans. Toxins 5:445-455. -   Schardl C L, Leuchtmann A, Tsai H F, Collett M A, Watt D M, Scott     D B. 1994. Origin of a fungal symbiont of perennial ryegrass by     interspecific hybridization of a mutualist with the ryegrass choke     pathogen, Epichloë typhina. Genetics 136:1307-1317. -   Schardl C L, Panaccione D G, Tudzynski P. 2006. Ergot     alkaloids—biology and molecular biology. Alkaloids: Chem Biol     62:45-86. -   Schardl C L, Young C A, Faulkner J R, Florea S, Pan, J. 2012.     Chemotypic diversity of epichloae, fungal symbionts of grasses.     Fungal Ecol 5:331-344. -   Schardl C L, Young C A, Hesse U, Amyotte S G, Andreeva K, Calie P J,     Fleetwood D J, Haws D C, Moore N, Oeser B, Panaccione D G, Schweri K     K, Voisey C R, Farman M L, Jaromczyk J W, Roe B A, O'Sullivan D M,     Scott B, Tudzynski P, An Z, Arnaoudova E G, Bullock C T, Charlton N     D, Chen L, Cox M, Dinkins R D, Florea S, Glenn A E, Gordon A,     Güldener U, Harris D R, Hollin W, Jaromczyk J, Johnson R D, Khan A     K, Leistner E, Leuchtmann A, Li C, Liu J G, Liu J, Liu M, Mace W,     Machado C, Nagabhyru P, Pan J, Schmid J, Sugawara K, Steiner U,     Takach J E, Tanaka E, Webb J S, Wilson E V, Wiseman J L, Yoshida R,     Zeng Z. 2013a. Plant-symbiotic fungi as chemical engineers:     multi-genome analysis of the Clavicipitaceae reveals dynamics of     alkaloid loci. PLoS Genet 9:e1003323. -   Schardl C L, Young C A, Pan J, Florea S, Takach J E. Panaccione D G,     Farman M L, Webb J S, Jaromczyk J, Charlton N D, Nagabhyru P, Chen     L, Shi C, Leuchtmann A. 2013b. Currencies of mutualisms: Sources of     alkaloid genes in vertically transmitted epichloae. Toxins     5:1064-1088. -   Scigelova M, Macek T, Minghetti A, Mackova M, Sedmera P, Prikrylova     V, Kren V. 1995. Biotransformation of ergot alkaloids by plant cell     cultures with high peroxidase activity. Biotechnol Lett     17:1213-1218. -   Singer T, Burke E. 2003. High-throughput TAIL-PCR as a tool to     identify DNA flanking insertions. Method Mol Biol 236:241-72. -   Tooley P W, Bandyopadhyay R, Carras M M, Pa{hacek over     (z)}outová S. 2006. Analysis of Claviceps africana and C. sorghi     from India using AFLPs, EF-1α gene intron 4, and β-tubulin gene     intron 3. Mycol Res 110:441-451. -   Tsai H-F, Chang Y C, Washburn R G, Wheeler M H, Kwon-Chung     K J. 1998. The developmentally regulated alb1 gene of Aspergillus     fumigatus: its role in modulation of conidial morphology and     virulence. J Bacteriol 180:3031-3038. -   Unsold I A, Li S-M. 2005. Overproduction, purification and     characterization of FgaPT2, a dimethylallyltryptophan synthase from     Aspergillus fumigatus. Microbiology 151:1499-1505. -   Wallwey C, Li S-M. 2011. Ergot alkaloids: structure diversity,     biosynthetic gene clusters and functional proof of biosynthetic     genes. Nat Prod Rep 28:496-510. -   Wallwey C, Matuschek M, Xie X-L, Li S-M. 2010b. Ergot alkaloid     biosynthesis in Aspergillus fumigatus: conversion of chanoclavine-I     aldehyde to festuclavine by the festuclavine synthase FgaFS in the     presence of the old yellow enzyme FgaOx3. Org Biomol Chem     8:3500-3508. -   Winblad, B., Fioravanti, M., Dolezal, T., Logina, I., Milanov,     Popescu, D. C., & Solomon, A. 2008. Therapeutic use of nicergoline.     Clin Drug Investig 28:533-552.

FIGS. 1-5 and 9-14 Legends

FIG. 1 shows intermediates and products of the ergot alkaloid pathway (as composited from branches found in different fungi). The role of different alleles of easA (isomerase versus reductase encoding types) in controlling the branch point is indicated. Alkaloids with a 9,10 double bond (e.g., setoclavine and lysergic acid and its derivatives) often occur as diastereoisomers at position 8). Roles for genes discussed in text or illustrated in FIG. 2 are indicated. Double arrows indicate one or more omitted intermediates. Insert shows ring and position labeling referred to in text. DMAPP, dimethylallylpyrophosphate.

FIG. 2 shows ergot alkaloid synthesis (eas) clusters from E. sp. Lp1 (FIG. 2A) and Aspergillus fumigatus (FIG. 2B), and design of transformation construct (FIG. 2C). FIG. 2A shows Epichloë sp. Lp1 eas cluster redrawn from Schardl et al. (2013b); AT rich repeat regions (15 to 25 kb each) were compressed in the diagram to facilitate the presentation. FIG. 2B. shows Aspergillus fumigatus eas cluster redrawn from Coyle and Panaccione (2005); Ψ=pseudogene. Genes unique to the E. sp. Lp1 cluster are shown in black, and those unique to the A. fumigatus cluster are indicated in white. Genes common to both clusters are shown in gray. Although both clusters contain an allele of easA, the products of those alleles differ functionally, and so they differ in shading in their respective clusters. FIG. 2C shows general design of constructs generated by fusion PCR. Candidate genes were cloA or easH from E. sp. Lp1. Black and white fragments correspond to E. sp. Lp1 or A. fumigatus origin, as above.

FIG. 3 shows a qualitative RT-PCR demonstrating accumulation of mRNA from indicated genes in A. fumigatus easA ko transformants. Horizontal strain labels: easA ko refers to non-transformed recipient stain; and, easA/cloA or easA/easH refer to transformants. Vertical gene labels refer to the E. sp. Lp1 gene for which amplification was attempted in that lane. Each cDNA preparation was diluted 1:1000 prior to amplification. Scale at left indicates the relative mobility of relevant fragments from BstEII-digested bacteriophage lambda.

FIG. 4 shows an analysis of ergot alkaloids from transformed strains of A. fumigatus. Samples were analyzed with two fluorescence detectors; excitation and emission wavelengths are indicated. Lysergic acid and other ergot alkaloids with a 9,10 double bond fluoresce more strongly at 310 nm/410 nm conditions, whereas other ergot alkaloids fluoresce maximally with settings of 272 nm/372 nm (Panaccione et al., 2012). Ergot alkaloids with 9,10 double bonds form diastereoisomers at carbon 8. Values for both diastereoisomers were added in quantitative analyses. Strain names and line colors are indicated in key. Abbreviations: LA, lysergic acid; ILA, isolysergic acid; IS, isosetoclavine; S, setoclavine; UB, unknown B, Ch, chanoclavine; Ag, agroclavine; UA, unknown A.

FIG. 5 shows mass spectra of two unknown alkaloids with hypothesized structures. Spectra were collected from LC-MS analyses with electrospray ionization in positive mode. Further evidence of prenylation is presented in Table 2.

FIG. 9 shows the analysis of ergot alkaloids from transformed strains of A. fumigatus. Samples were analyzed with two fluorescence detectors; excitation and emission wavelengths are indicated. Lysergic acid and other ergot alkaloids with a 9, 10 double bond fluoresce more strongly at 310 nm/410 nm conditions, whereas other ergot alkaloids fluoresce maximally with settings of 272 nm/372 nm (Panaccione et al., 2012). In protic solvents, lysergic acid forms diastereoisomers (with isolysergic acid) at C8. Values for both diastereoisomers were added in quantitative analyses. Strain names and line colors are indicated in key. Abbreviations: LA, lysergic acid; ILA, isolysergic acid; S, setoclavine; Ch, chanoclavine; Ag, agroclavine.

FIG. 10 shows alternate origins of agroclavine and origin of setoclavine. Pathway spurs leading to setoclavine are indicated in green. When easA is knocked out, chanoclavine aldehyde that accumulates can keto-enol tautomerize. Tautomers that resolve with the aldehyde in close proximity to the secondary amine can undergo ring closure via Schiff base formation. The resulting iminium ion (FIG. 6) is reduced by EasG to form agroclavine (Coyle et al., 2010). Agroclavine that accumulates can be oxidized at C8 to form setoclavine by non-specific peroxidase activity present in many organisms (e.g., Béliveau and Ramstad, 1967; Panaccione et al., 2003; Coyle et al., 2010).

FIG. 11 shows fluorescence HPLC chromatogram showing festuclavine (F) accumulating to higher concentration in easM ko strain and lack of pathway end product fumigaclavine C in the easM ko.

FIG. 12 shows a pathway from agroclavine to lysergic acid. Double arrow: aldehyde intermediate omitted.

FIG. 13 shows a pathway from festuclavine to dihydrolysergic acid (DHLA). Double arrow: aldehyde intermediate omitted.

FIG. 14 shows ergot alkaloid pathway of Aspergillus fumigatus. Roles for genes are indicated between intermediates or products. Double arrow indicates one or more ncharacterized intermediates: DMAPP, dimethylallylpyrophosphate; DMAT, dimethyl allyltryptophan; Trp, tryptophan.

TABLE 1 Ergot alkaloid accumulation (amol/conidium) in cultures of modified strains of A. fumigatus ^(a) chano lysergic Strain clavine acid^(b) agroclavine setoclavine^(b) unknown A unknown B easA ko 0.42 ± 0.04 n.d. 0.055 ± 0.01 B 0.16 ± 0.01 B n.d. n.d. easA/cloA 0.58 ± 0.1  1.0 ± 0.1  0.27 ± 0.04 B 0.60 ± 0.07 B 0.16 ± 0.04 B 0.062 ± 0.01 B easA/easH 0.59 ± 0.07 n.d. 0.81 ± 0.1 A 2.0 ± 0.2 A 0.38 ± 0.06 A  0.22 ± 0.05 A ^(a)Data are means of six samples ± standard error; means followed by a different letter within a column differ significantly (α = 0.05) in a Tukey-Kramer test. ^(b)Values calculated from sums of both diastereoisomers.

TABLE 2 Ergot alkaloids (nmol per culture) in strains fed 37 nmol agroclavine and controls^(a) strain/treatment agroclavine setoclavine^(b) unknown A unknown B Af 293/agroclavine   22 ± 1 B   2.5 ± 0.1 A 0.56 ± 0.04 A  0.040 ± 0.001 A NRRL 164/agroclavine   24 ± 2 B   2.1 ± 0.2 AB n.d. n.d. easA ko/agroclavine   21 ± 0.3 B   1.9 ± 0.08 B 0.22 ± 0.03 B 0.0078 ± 0.0007 B medium/agroclavine   31 ± 0.5 A  0.89 ± 0.05 C n.d. n.d. Af 293/methanol n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. NRRL 164/methanol n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. easA ko/methanol 0.041 ± 0.002 C 0.0023 ± 0.0003 D n.d. n.d. ^(a)Data are means of six samples ± standard error; means followed by a different letter within a column differ significantly (α = 0.05) in a Tukey-Kramer test. ^(b)Values calculated from sums of both diastereoisomers.

SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS OF THIS INVENTION

We combined genes from ergot alkaloid pathways from two fungal lineages to produce lysergic acid in the genetically tractable fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. In doing so, we demonstrated that a previously identified gene encodes additional activities required for lysergic acid biosynthesis. This unique expression platform will allow for testing of the functions of additional alleles of these key genes in the pathway to lysergic acid. Our data indicate that the enzymes involved have unique multifunctional capabilities. CloA catalyzes successive oxidations at C17 and also may catalyze a double bond isomerization. Alternatively, the isomerase form of EasA, which catalyzes an isomerization activity critical for closure of the fourth and final ring of the ergoline nucleus, may catalyze the double bond isomerization. Our in vivo approach allows testing of the functions of genes without needing to rely on in vitro expression of the P450 monooxygenase encoded by cloA. Our in vivo expression platform provides the method for production of additional and novel ergot alkaloids.

I. Background

Representatives of two major families of fungi—the Clavicipitaceae and the Trichocomaceae—produce ergot alkaloids. All ergot alkaloid-producing fungi share early pathway steps before diverging to produce lineage-specific classes of ergot alkaloids (Panaccione, 2005) (FIG. 6). Several ergot alkaloid-producing members of the Clavicipitaceae including Claviceps purpurea, C. paspali, several Epichloë species [such as E. festucae var. lolii×E. typhina isolate Lp1 (Schardl et al., 1994; Leuchtmann et al., 2014) (henceforth called E. sp. Lp1)], and several Periglandula species synthesize lysergic acid-based alkaloids in which the D ring (fourth or last ring to form) of the ergoline nucleus is unsaturated between carbons 9 and 10, and carbon 17 is highly oxidized (FIG. 1) (reviewed in Schardl et al., 2006; Lorenz et al., 2009; Panaccione et al., 2014). Two exceptional members of the Clavicipitaceae—C. africana and C. gigantea—produce dihydroergot alkaloids (DHergot alkaloids), which lack the double bond in the D ring but still may be oxidized or substituted at carbon 17 (Agurell, 1966; Barrow et al., 1974). In the other lineage (Trichocomaceae) are a few fungi such as Aspergillus fumigatus that produce clavine-based ergot alkaloids (festuclavine and fumigaclavines) in which the D ring is saturated and carbon 17 remains reduced as a methyl group (Wallwey and Li, 2011; Panaccione et al., 2012) (FIG. 1). Several of the lysergic acid derivatives and DHergot alkaloids of the Clavicipitaceae are valued for their pharmacological activity and used as described above (see Significance section; Table 1). The fumigaclavines of A. fumigatus have not been used clinically.

The first branch point of the pathways found in these two fungal lineages occurs during D ring closure. In A. fumigatus, C. africana, and C. gigantea, the 8,9 double bond in chanoclavine aldehyde is reduced by the enzyme EasA, allowing the aldehyde group free rotation to interact with the secondary amine to promote ring closure via Schiff base formation (Coyle et al., 2010; Cheng et al., 2010b; Wallwey et al., 2011). The resulting iminium ion is subsequently reduced by EasG to form festuclavine (Wallwey et al., 2010; Cheng et al., 2010b). Most common ergot alkaloid-producing fungi in the Clavicipitaceae, however, diverge from A. fumigatus at the first branch point and synthesize the 8,9 unsaturated clavine agroclavine from chanoclavine aldehyde via the activity of an alternate version of EasA that acts as an isomerase rather than a reductase (Coyle et al., 2010; Cheng et al., 2010b). In C. purpurea, C. paspali, and Epichloë spp., agroclavine is oxidized at C17 to form elymoclavine, and elymoclavine is further oxidized and isomerized to form lysergic acid (FIG. 1). Lysergic acid is then incorporated into ergopeptines and/or lysergic acid amides. Our easA knockout strain (easA ko) of A. fumigatus (Coyle et al., 2010) provides an excellent background for reprogramming of the A. fumigatus ergot alkaloid pathway to a lysergic acid-based pathway. FIG. 6 shows (A) branch points and critical steps in the biosynthesis of ergot alkaloids in different lineages of fungi, and (B) rarely encountered ergot alkaloids originating from mutant pathways.

A second branch point—this one between members of the Trichocomaceae such as A. fumigatus and the DHergot alkaloid producers C. africana and C. gigantea—occurs after formation of festuclavine. In A. fumigatus and relatives, festuclavine may be modified at carbons 9 and/or 2 to form various fumigaclavine derivatives (FIG. 1). Alternatively, in C. africana and C. gigantea, festuclavine in oxidized at C17 and, in the case of C. africana, incorporated into more complex dihydroergot alkaloids. Our easM ko of A. fumigatus provides an ideal background for analysis of pathway genes downstream from festuclavine in the DHergot alkaloid producers C. africana and C. gigantea.

Another important background point to emphasize is that genes involved in ergot alkaloid biosynthesis are clustered in the genes of the producing fungus (FIG. 7). These gene clusters (referred to as eas clusters for ergot alkaloid synthesis) contain core genes that are conserved among all ergot alkaloid producers as well as lineage-specific genes required for producing the unique alkaloids found in different fungi. The clusters of C. purpurea, C. paspali, and the more distantly related P. ipomoeae (Schardl et al., 2013a), Metarhizium robertsii (formerly Metarhizium anisopliae), and M. acridum (Gao et al., 2011) are well conserved in terms of relative gene order and orientation. The clusters of Epichloë spp. show much more variability in gene order and orientation; the variability may be related to interspersion of numerous transposable elements in the eas clusters of these Epichloë spp. (Schardl et al., 2013a). In the Trichomocaeae ergot alkaloid biosynthesis genes also are clustered but the order and orientation differs from that observed in the Clavicipitaceae (Panaccione and Coyle, 2005; Unsold and Li, 2005; Wallwey and Li, 2011). Genes shown in FIG. 7 that are in heavy black print represent genes that are common to all ergot alkaloid producers. Other genes are involved in incorporating lysergic acid into ergopeptines. Other genes are thought to be required for assembling of a specific lysergic acid amide. While other genes are unique to A. fumigatus.

AN EMBODIMENT OF THE PRESENT INVENTION Reprogramming A. fumigatus to Produce Lysergic Acid (LA) via Exchange of easA Alleles and Addition of cloA

Our previous work showed that different lineages of ergot alkaloid producers carry different alleles of easA that determine the first branch point of the ergot alkaloid pathway (Coyle et al., 2010). By expressing the allele of easA found in C. purpurea (Coyle et al., 2010), Epichloë festucae var. lolii (formerly Neotyphodium lolii) (Cheng et al., 2010b), or E. sp. Lp1 (Robinson and Panaccione, 2014) in A. fumigatus in which its native easA allele is knocked out (A. fumigatus easA ko), we have engineered A. fumigatus to produce agroclavine as opposed to festuclavine, which starts A. fumigatus down the pathway to LA-based ergot alkaloids (refer to FIG. 6). We used the bidirectional easA/easG promoter of A. fumigatus to drive expression of each of several candidate oxidase genes (easD, easH, or cloA from E. sp. Lp1) along with expression of the isomerase allele easA from E. sp. Lp1 (FIG. 8) in the A. fumigatus easA ko background. Strains expressing EasA/EasD or EasA/EasH accumulated agroclavine (as a result of expression of the isomerase allele of easA) but strains expressing EasA/CloA produced lysergic acid and its diastereoisomers isolysergic acid (FIG. 9). The data demonstrate that the ergot alkaloid cluster gene cloA encodes an enzyme that catalyzes all the oxidations of agroclavine to lysergic acid (FIG. 9). Moreover, since only lysergic acid (and not its 8,9 double bond isomer paspalic acid) was produced in our EasA/CloA strain, the double bond isomerization is catalyzed by one of the expressed enzymes (EasA or CloA) as opposed to happening spontaneously over time. The EasA/CloA strain of A. fumigatus easA ko is the first fungus known to produce lysergic acid as its biosynthetic endpoint in culture, and our data clearly show that expression of two genes from a lysergic acid-producing fungus is sufficient (in conjunction with the product of the native allele of easG in A. fumigatus) to produce lysergic acid from the common pathway intermediate chanoclavine aldehyde. In this particular study, we could not distinguish CloA or EasA as the source of the double bond isomerase activity because of the need to express EasA to produce agroclavine as substrate for CloA; however, in the proposed project we will distinguish EasA or CloA as the source of double bond isomerase activity by reciprocally pairing genes from different sources.

The ergot alkaloid profiles of the strains shown in FIG. 9 require a more detailed explanation. Analyses of A. fumigatus easA ko (even without expression of or E. sp. easA allele) shows that it accumulates small quantities of agroclavine (FIG. 9). This agroclavine likely derives from keto-enol tautomerization of chanoclavine aldehyde, which builds up in this strain in the absence of a functional EasA. The enol tautomer can rotate around C8 and then tautomerize back to the aldehyde form. After this isomerization, D ring formation may occur as described above (via Schiff base formation and reduction by EasG). Agroclavine that accumulates is readily oxidized at C8 to form setoclavine by non-specific peroxidases from many sources (Beliveau and Ramstad, 1967; Panaccione et al., 2003; Coyle et al., 2010)]. The presence of agroclavine in easA ko and setoclavine in easA ko or its lysergic acid-producing derivative are explained in FIG. 10 and its legend.

Engineering of Festuclavine-Accumulating Strain of A. fumigatus to Serve as Host for Studies on Dihydroergot Alkaloid Biosynthesis by Knockout of eas

Whereas the easA knockout of A. fumigatus is the ideal recipient strain for expression studies designed to elucidate the origins of paspalic acid and lysergol, to study genes involved in dihydroergot alkaloid synthesis, the ideal recipient strain should accumulate festuclavine, which is the reduced analog of agroclavine and will serve as substrate for genes involved in dihydroergot alkaloid biosynthesis. We have already prepared such a strain by knocking out gene easM of A. fumigatus. Sequence data indicate that easM encodes a P450 monooxygenase, and our knockout data demonstrate that this enzyme is required for oxidizing festuclavine into downstream fumigaclavines (FIG. 11). In the easM knockout, festuclavine accumulates and no downstream fumigaclavines are produced. In some embodiments of the invention, a strain of A. fumigatus with a knockout of gene easM will be used.

Disarming of A. fumigatus

Since A. fumigatus is an opportunistic pathogen, any strain that may eventually be used commercially must be disarmed by knocking out a virulence gene. We have knocked out alb1 (Tsai et al., 1999) which encodes a polyketide synthase required for melanin biosynthesis and virulence in A. fumigatus. The albino nature of the mutants provides a convenient visual marker for these strains as well. We have made this mutation in the A. fumigatus easA ko background. In certain embodiments of the invention, a strain of A. fumigatus with a knockout alb1 in the easM ko background will be used. We have routinely used acetamidase (Hynes et al., 1983) as a third selectable marker for transformation in A. fumigatus, allowing a round of manipulations beyond those described in manipulating the ergot alkaloid pathway (which require hygromycin and phleomycin resistance markers).

Methods for Genome Sequencing That Will Support Both Specific Aims General Methods

In specific embodiments of the invention, specific ergot alkaloid biosynthesis genes from various Claviceps or Periglandula species, or in some cases E. sp. Lp1, are amplified to produce unique ergot alkaloids, fuse those genes to A. fumigatus promoters, and express them in one of two different A. fumigatus mutant backgrounds (easA ko or easM ko). These mutant backgrounds do not complete the typical A. fumigatus pathway but instead accumulate substrates for the enzymes encoded by the introduced genes. These include routine molecular biology work and PCR, as well as fusion PCR for preparing promoter-coding sequence constructs for transformation (e.g., FIG. 8). We routinely transform A. fumigatus with three different selectable markers (hygromycin resistance, phleomycin resistance, and acetamide utilization as a nitrogen source). We have extensive experience with analyzing ergot alkaloids from A. fumigatus and other fungi by fluorescence HPLC (e.g., FIGS. 9 and 10) and LC/MS (e.g., Panaccione and Coyle, 2005; Coyle and Panaccione, 2005; Panaccione et al., 2006; Coyle et al., 2010; Goetz et al., 2011; Robinson and Panaccione, 2012; Panaccione et al., 2012; Ryan et al., 2103).

Genome Sequencing

Considering the current low price of genome sequencing, the small size of fungal genomes (˜40 Mb), and extensive information on ergot alkaloid gene clusters available for comparison (Schardl et al., 2013ab), in some embodiments of the invention, the genomes of the fungi are sequenced. This sequencing can be done quickly in a single MiSeq flow cell. Having sequence data available offers several advantages over the alternate approach of using existing sequences of related genomes to prepare degenerate primers to clone genes of interest, then (in some cases) relying on TAIL-PCR to acquire flanking regions, and finally sequencing assembled clones, stepwise, with Sanger technology. One advantage is that we will be able to prepare specific primers to amplify the relevant genes directly, rather than taking the steps outlines in the previous sentence, thus allowing us to avoid pitfalls and also save time and money when all the genes from several fungi are considered. A second advantage is that we will obtain information about all genes in each fungus's ergot alkaloid gene cluster. A third advantage is that the genome sequences will strengthen the institutional capacity for research as well as that of the greater fungal toxin research community. The genomes of the Periglandula species were not sequenced hwerein because those fungi are obligate symbionts of plants, and their genomes are present in a relatively low proportion compared to that of the more complex genomes of their plant hosts. We already have access to sequence data from one exceptional Periglandula species—P. ipomoeae—which grows superficially on leaves such that its hyphae are separable from plant tissue (Schardl et al., 2013a).

Barcoded libraries of genomes of haploid fungi C. paspali NRRL 3080, C. africana, and C. gigantea may be prepared with the Illumina TruSeq kit and sequenced to approximately 50-fold coverage in a single MiSeq flow cell at the University of Kentucky Advanced Genomics Technology Center [which has led sequencing efforts on 19 other fungi with ergot alkaloid synthesis clusters (Schardl et al., 2013ab)]. The MiSeq platform offers the advantage of relatively long reads (2×250 nt per cluster) and 15 million clusters per flow cell. Estimating a mean genome size of 38 Mb for each of the Claviceps spp. [based on the mean genome size of C. purpurea, C. fusiformis, and C. paspali RRC-1481 (Schardl et al., 2013a)], we should achieve approximately 50-fold coverage for each genome. Genomes will be assembled with Newbler or, if the number of read is too great for that program, CLCBio from CLC Genome Workbench. Assembled genomes will be queried with sequences from homologues of easA, cloA, and other ergot alkaloid synthesis genes available from C. purpurea, C. paspali RRC-1481, several Epichloë species, and Periglandula ipomoeae.

Biosynthetic Origin of Lysergol (Prophetic)

Lysergol is the delta 9,10 double bond isomer of elymoclavine. Elymoclavine (an isomer of lysergol carrying an 8,9 double bond) is the first oxidation step in the oxidation series of agroclavine into lysergic acid. Lysergol appears to be a biosynthetic dead end, as it cannot be further oxidized to lysergic acid (Maier et al., 1988; Groger and Floss, 1997). These observations indicate that after isomerization of the double bond from the 8,9 to the 9,10 position, CloA is not able to further oxidize C17, and that in a fully functioning pathway, double bond isomerization takes place after oxidation.

Fungi that accumulate lysergol clearly have the enzymatic capacity to isomerize the double bond but appear to do so prematurely such that isomerization occurs when C17 is at a preliminary oxidation state. Once lysergol forms it cannot be further oxidized (Gröger and Floss, 1997; Maier et al., 1988).

Testing Lysergol

In some embodiments of the invention, alleles of easA and cloA are amplified from Periglandula species, which are symbiotic fungi associated with high lysergol-producing morning glory species. We have infected plant material from Stictocardia tiliifolia, S. beraviensis, and Argyreia speciosa each of which accumulates lysergol such that it comprises >98% of the total ergot alkaloid yield (see Table 3 set forth below). We also have several accessions of Ipomoea parasitica in which lysergol comprises >50% of the total ergot alkaloid yield.

TABLE 3 Lysergol and other ergot alkaloids (μg/g seed) extracted from morning glory symbiota proportion PCR of fungal Plant (accession) chanoclavine¹ lysergol ergopeptines² lysergol genes Stictocardia tiliifolia 0 276 0 1.0 n.a.³ S. beraviensis 323 0 623 0 1.0 n.a. S. beraviensis 324 5 1510 0 >0.99 yes Argyryeia speciosa 1 38 0 0.98 n.a. Ipomoea parasitica 630 254 978 675 0.51 n.a. I. parasitica 674 152 551 199 0.61 n.a. ¹early pathway intermediate that frequently accumulates (FIG. Y) ²sum of ergobalansine and ergosine ³not attempted

Because of their obligately symbiotic nature, the Periglandula spp. associated with high lysergol-yielding morning glories will not be sequenced. Instead isolated mixed fungus-plant DNA directly from infected plant material with Zymogen kit may be used successfully for this purpose. In our preferred approach to amplify the entirety of the cloA locus, PCR can be primed from a primer designed to anneal near the 3′-end of the coding sequences of lpsB and another designed to anneal near the 3′-end of the coding sequences of easC. These two genes flank cloA in the eas clusters of P. ipomoeae, C. paspali RRC-1481, and C. purpurea (FIG. 7), as well as in more distantly related members of the Clavicipitaceae Metarhizium robertsii (formerly classified as M. anisopliae) and Metarhizium acridum (Gao et al., 2011). (Eas clusters from Metarhizium spp. are not pictured in FIG. 7, but they are identical in gene composition, order, and orientation with that of C. paspali RRC-1481.) The PCR product (expected to be 5 kb) can be Sanger sequenced, synthesizing new primers for successive steps. The complete easA gene can be amplified from primers designed to anneal near the 5′-ends of the coding sequences of lpsB and lpsC which flank easA in the diverse genomes listed immediately above, and Sanger sequenced. An alternate approach to cloning these genes is outlined under alternate plans lysergol set forth below. A further alternative is to express alleles of easA and cloA from an isolate of Epichloë coenophiala which produces lysergol and for which genome sequence is available. Coding sequences and 3′UTRs of cloA and easA can be fused to the bidirectional easA/easG promoter of A. fumigatus (FIG. 8) in combination with the alleles of the alternate gene from E. sp. Lp1 by fusion PCR. The E. sp. Lp1 alleles represent alleles from a pathway able to complete all required steps to lysergic acid from agroclavine. In some embodiments of the invention, the following combinations of alleles are expressed in A. fumigatus easA ko,

-   -   Periglandula sp. easA and P. sp. cloA     -   P. sp. easA and Epichloë sp. Lp1 cloA     -   E. sp. Lp1 easA and P. sp. cloA     -   Epichloë coenophiala easA and Epichloë coenophiala cloA

Translational Implications (Lysergol)

Lysergol can be used directly for synthesizing the pharmaceutically important ergot alkaloids nicergoline and pergolide. A cultivable source of lysergol is useful for preparation of pharmaceuticals that are derived from lysergol and also is useful in engineering of novel compounds. Lysergol is not a controlled substance, simplifying the conduct of business, and it cannot be as easily adapted to illicit drug manufacturing as lysergic acid.

Alternate Plans (Lysergol)

The lysergol experiments are the most demanding from a technical perspective, because we will not have direct sequence data for the fungi. Only one Periglandula species has been sequenced, but its eas cluster and eas sequences match well with those of Claviceps and Metarhizium spp. (Schardl et al., 2013a). Our primary strategy for cloning easA and cloA is based on the assumption that clusters will be organized the same as in P. ipomoeae (and as they are in Claviceps and Metarhizium spp.). In certain embodiments of the invention, conserved internal regions of easA and cloA will be amplified based on degenerate primers designed to anneal to most versions of each gene. Then the remainders of each coding sequence and some 3′-UTR can be amplified by TAIL-PCR (Singer and Burke, 2003; Liu et al., 2005; Liu and Chen, 2007). We have already cloned internal portions of other genes from the P. sp. symbiont of S. beraviensis with degenerate primers.

The Biosynthetic Origin of Dihydroergot Alkaloids Biosynthetic Origin of Dihydrolysergic Acid (DHLA) (Prophetic)

Claviceps africana produces DHLA-derived ergot alkaloids such as dihydroergosine. The reduction of the 8,9 double bond to the reduced dihydro state appears to occur after the chanoclavine stage and before or during closure of the D ring (to yield festuclavine, in this case) (Barrow et al., 1974). We have DNA from C. africana and have used it to successfully clone the easA gene (sequence appears in supplement to Cheng et al., 2010b) by PCR with degenerate primers based on sequence data from other Claviceps spp. We also have prepared a recipient strain of A. fumigatus that accumulates the dihydrolysergic acid precursor festuclavine by knocking out the P450 monooxygenase gene easM (Bilovol and Panaccione, unpublished data; Section II. B). Festuclavine is the 8,9 reduced version of agroclavine and should serve as substrate for versions of CloA that are capable of producing DHLA through a series of oxidations at C17 (FIG. 13). The idea that CloA from a lysergic acid producer will accept the dihydroergot alkaloid festuclavine as substrate (as opposed to its typical, delta-8,9 substrate agroclavine) is supported by the observations that the next enzyme in the pathway of lysergic acid producers, lysergyl peptide synthetase 2 (encoded by lpsB) accepts dihydrolysergic acid with a K_(m) similar to which it acts on lysergic acid (Riederer et al., 1996).

Testing DHLA

We have generated a strain of the fungus A. fumigatus that produces festuclavine as its biosynthetic end point by knockout of the A. fumigatus gene easM. This festuclavine accumulator may serve as recipient for transformations, because festuclavine is the intermediate oxidized to DHLA in the DHLA-based pathway of C. africana (Barrow et al., 1974). In some embodiments of the invention, the expression of cloA of E. sp. Lp1 is under the control of the A. fumigatus easA promoter for the production of DHLA. In other embodiments of the invention, cloA is amplified from the DHLA producer C. africana and express it in A. fumigatus easM ko under the control of the A. fumigatus easA promoter. The coding sequences and ˜300 bp or 3′-UTR can be PCR amplified from C. africana based on specific primers designed based on genomic sequence data.

Translational Implications (DHLA)

Dihydrolysergic acid is a preferred starting point for the synthesis of most of the major pharmaceutically important ergot alkaloids (with the exception of bromocriptine). Direct production of the compound (as opposed to purifying it after hydrolysis of ergopeptines to lysergic acid and reduction of lysergic acid) will benefit pharmaceutical industries. DHLA is not listed as a controlled substance by the US Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) and would not be readily useful for illegal drug biosynthesis.

Alternate Plans (DHLA)

In certain embodiments of the invention, easA from the DHLA producer C. africana along with cloA from E. sp. Lp1 and C. africana are used. These dual-gene expression constructs can be set up with the two genes divergently transcribed from the A. fumigatus easA/easG promoter, as we have done successfully with easA and cloA from E. sp. Lp1 (FIG. 8).

The Biosynthetic Origin and Engineering of Dihydrolysergol (DHlysergol) (Prophetic)

The maize ergot fungus produces dihydrolysergol as the end product of its ergot alkaloid pathway. Dihydrolysergol also occurs in the biosynthetic pathway to DHLA and DHLA derivatives in C. africana (Barrow et al., 1974). The reason that C. gigantea stops its pathway at DHlysergol is unknown but will be revealed by expression studies and eas cluster sequence analysis.

Testing DHlysergol

In certain embodiments of the invention, the coding sequences of cloA is amplified from the initiation codon through the termination codon, along with about 300 bp of 3′UTR. Primers can be designed based on C. gigantea genomic sequence. In further embodiments of the invention, the cloA fragment is joined to the easA promoter of A. fumigatus and introduced into A. fumigatus easM ko by cotransformation with pBCphleo (while selecting on phlemomycin). Transformants can be analyzed by fluorescence HPLC and LC/MS as described previously.

Translational Implications (DHlysergol)

DHlysergol would be an excellent starting molecule for several of the more important pharmaceutical ergot alkaloids, such as nicergoline, cabergoline, and pergolide (Table 3). As the end product of the engineered strain, dihydrolysergol would not need to be hydrolyzed and purified from more complex ergot alkaloids or reduced to the dihydro state. DHlysergol would not be regulated as a controlled substance, simplifying business practices and would not be easily exploited for illicit drug synthesis.

Alternate Plans (DHlysergol)

In other embodiments of the invention, C. gigantea cloA is expressed in conjunction with C. gigantea easA.

Outcomes

The present invention has a strong basic rationale founded in the historical and medicinal importance of the ergot alkaloids and novel and interesting enzymatic activities. Those persons skilled in the art will understand that the present invention has strong translational possibilities as set forth herein.

Generally, the present invention provides a strain of a fungus for expressing one or more genes of the ergot alkaloid biosynthesis pathways from one or more fungus. The fungus may be for example, but not limited to, Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium commune, or any fungus having a pathway similar to Aspergillus fumigatus, as the host fungus for gene expression.

It will be understood by those persons skilled in the art that the present invention includes using easA or cloA genes from ergot alkaloid producing fungi that are functionally similar to the genes, for example but not limited to, from Claviceps purpurea or any of Epichloë species.

Generally, the present invention provides producing novel ergot alkaloids in A. fumigatus by the following method: expressing ergot alkaloid synthesis genes from other fungi in A. fumigatus easA knockout or easM knockout and letting the native prenyl transferase EasL act on any ergot alkaloids so produced in order to produce novel prenylated alkaloids. This method of this invention produces novel alkaloids by expressing ergot alkaloid pathway genes from other sources.

Preferred embodiments of the present invention provide:

-   1. A strain of fungus comprising Aspergillus fumigatus (A.     fumigatus) and expressing one or more genes of the ergot alkaloid     biosynthesis pathways from one or more fungus selected from the     group consisting of:     -   a. Epichloë festucae var. lolii×Epichloë typhina isolate Lp1 (E.         sp. Lp1);     -   b. Claviceps species;     -   c. Claviceps africana (C. africana);     -   d. Claviceps gigantea (C. gigantea);     -   e. Periglandula species; and     -   f. Epichloë coenophiala,         wherein gene easA or gene easM is inactivated in said A.         fumigatus. -   2. The strain of embodiment 1 above, wherein said one or more genes     of the ergot alkaloid biosynthesis are selected from the group     consisting of:     -   a. easA; and     -   b. cloA. -   3. The strain of embodiment 2 above, wherein said gene easA is     inactivated in said A. fumigatus, and said one or more fungus is E.     sp. Lp1. -   4. The strain of embodiment 2 above, wherein said gene easA is     inactivated in said A. fumigatus, and said one or more fungus is a     Periglandula species or Epichloë coenophiala that produces lysergol. -   5. The strain of embodiment 2 above, wherein said gene easA is     inactivated in said A. fumigatus, and said one or more fungi are a     Periglandula species or Epichloë coenophiala and E. sp. Lp1, wherein     said expressing gene easA is from a Periglandula species or Epichloë     coenophiala and said expressing gene cloA is from E. sp. Lp1. -   6. The strain of embodiment 2 above, wherein said gene easA is     inactivated in said A. fumigatus, and said one or more fungi are a     Periglandula species or Epichloë coenophiala and E. sp. Lp1, wherein     said expressing gene cloA is from a Periglandula species or Epichloë     coenophiala and said expressing gene easA is from E. sp. Lp1. -   7. The strain of embodiment 2 above, wherein said gene easM is     inactivated in A. fumigatus, said one or more fungus is E. sp. Lp1,     and said expressing one or more genes of the ergot alkaloid     biosynthesis is cloA. -   8. The strain of embodiment 2 above, wherein said gene easM is     inactivated in A. fumigatus, said one or more fungus is C. africana,     and said expressing one or more genes of the ergot alkaloid     biosynthesis is cloA. -   9. The strain of embodiment 2 above, wherein said gene easM is     inactivated in said A. fumigatus, said one or more fungus is C.     gigantea, and said expressing one or more genes of the ergot     alkaloid biosynthesis is cloA. -   10. A method for producing lysergic acid comprising inactivating an     ergot alkaloid biosynthesis pathway gene from the fungus A.     fumigatus and expressing genes easA and cloA from the fungus E. sp.     Lp1, wherein said inactivated ergot alkaloid biosynthesis pathway     gene is easA of A. fumigatus. -   11. A method for producing novel ergot alkaloids comprising     inactivating an ergot alkaloid biosynthesis pathway gene from the     fungus A. fumigatus and expressing genes easA and cloA from the     fungus E. sp. Lp1, wherein said inactivated ergot alkaloid     biosynthesis pathway gene is easA of A. fumigatus. -   12. A method for producing dihydrolysergic acid (DHLA) comprising     inactivating gene easM in A. fumigatus and expressing gene cloA     from E. sp. Lp1 or gene cloA from C. africana in said A. fumigatus     strain. -   13. A method for producing dihydrolysergol (DHlysergol) comprising     inactivating gene easM in A. fumigatus and expressing one or more     genes of the ergot alkaloid biosynthesis from C. gigantea selected     from the group consisting of:     -   a. cloA; and     -   b. cloA and easA,         wherein said gene(s) from C. gigantea are expressed in said A.         fumigatus strain. -   14. A strain of fungus comprising a species of a fungus and     expressing one or more genes of the ergot alkaloid biosynthesis     pathways from one or more of said fungus, wherein said fungus has a     pathway similar to A. fumigatus. -   15. The strain of embodiment 14 set forth above, wherein said one or     more genes of the ergot alkaloid biosynthesis are selected from the     group consisting of:     -   a. easA; and     -   b. cloA. -   16. The strain of embodiment 15 set forth above wherein said easA or     cloA genes from said ergot alkaloid producing fungi are functionally     similar to the genes from Claviceps purpurea or any of Epichloë     species. -   17. A method of producing ergot alkaloids in A. fumigatus comprising     expressing ergot alkaloid synthesis genes from other fungi in A.     fumigatus easA knockout or easM knockout, allowing native prenyl     transferase EasL act on any ergot alkaloids so produced for     producing prenylated alkaloids. -   18. A method of producing ergot alkaloids in a strain of A.     fumigatus comprising expressing a bidirectional easA/easG promoter     of A. fumigatus to drive expression of oxidase genes in the A.     fumigatus EasA knock-out background for producing ergot alkaloids. -   19. The method of embodiment 18 set forth above, wherein a EasA gene     from E. sp. Lp1 is expressed in said A. fumigatus EasA knock-out     background. -   20. The method of embodiment 19 set forth above, wherein said EasA     gene from E. sp. Lp1 includes expression of cloA. -   21. A method for the production of lysergic acid comprising     providing for the expression of EasA/CloA in A. fumigatus easA     knockout for producing lysergic acid. -   22. A method of producing a festuclavine-accumulating strain of A.     fumigatus comprising a knock-out of the easM allele for producing a     festuclavine accumulating strain of A. fumigatus. -   23. A method for producing lysergic acid in A. fumigatus easA     knock-out providing amplifying E. sp. Lp1 easA and E. sp. Lp1 cloA     for producing lysergic acid. -   24. A method for accumulating lysergol comprising amplifying easA     and cloA from Periglandula in plant material selected from the group     consisting of Stictocardia tiliifolia, S. beraviensis, Argyreia, and     Ipomoea species or by amplifying easA and cloA from Epichloë     coenophiala for accumulating lysergol. -   25. A method for producing lysergol comprising providing expressing     Periglandula sp. easA and P. sp. cloA or Epichloë coenophiala easA     and Epichloë coenophiala cloA in a A. fumigatus easA knock-out     strain for producing lysergol. -   26. A method for producing lysergol comprising expressing P. sp.     easA or Epichloë coenophiala easA and Epichloë sp. Lp1 cloA in a A.     fumigatus easA knock-out strain for producing lysergol. -   27. A method for producing lysergol comprising A. fumigatus easA     knock-out strain through expression of E. sp. Lp1 easA and P. sp.     cloA or Epichloë coenophiala cloA for producing lysergol. -   28. The method according to embodiments 25, 26, and 27, set forth     above, including amplifying said easA and cloA based on degenerate     primers designed to anneal to versions of each gene. -   29. A method for producing dihydrolysergic acid comprising     expressing C. africana cloA under the control of a A. fumigatus easA     promoter in A. fumigatus easM knock-out strain for producing     dihydrolysergic acid. -   30. A method for producing dihydrolysergic acid comprising     expressing C. africana easA, C. africana cloA, and E. sp. Lp1 cloA     using a A. fumigatus easA/easG promoter for producing     dihydrolysergic acid. -   31. A method for producing dihydrolysergol comprising expressing C.     gigantea cloA in A. fumigatus easM knock-out for producing     dihydrolysergol. -   32. The method of embodiment 31 set forth above, including joining     said cloA to a easA promoter of A. fumigatus to form a cloA     construct and introducing said cloA construct into A. fumigatus easM     knock-out utilizing cotransformation with pBCphleo. -   33. The method of embodiment 32 set forth above, including adding     a C. gigantea easA expressed from a A. fumigatus easA promoter to     said cotransformation of the A. fumigatus easM knockout. -   34. A strain of fungus comprising SEQ ID NO:4. -   35. A strain of fungus comprising SEQ ID NO:7.

Production of Lysergic Acid by Genetic Modification of an Industrially Relevant Fungus

The following pages set forth the following:

-   Aspergillus fumigatus easA; Epichloë festucae var. lolii×Epichloë     typhina isolate Lp1 easA; -   Epichloë festucae var. lolii×Epichloë typhina isolate Lp1 cloA;     Aspergillus fumigatus ergot alkaloid pathway; -   Dual-gene transformation construct to express easA and cloA from     Epichloë festucae var. lolii×Epichloë typhina isolate Lp1 in     Aspergillus fumigatus; Recipient strain Aspergillus fumigatus easA     knockout description; and Details of disarmed strain of Aspergillus     fumigatus.

Aspergillus fumigatus easA Nucleotide Sequence (Coding Sequence, which for This Gene Naturally Lacks Introns)

ATGCGAGAAGAACCGTCCTCTGCTCAGCTATTCAAGCCGCTCAAGGTGGG AAGATGTCATCTCCAACATAGGATGATCATGGCGCCGACAACTCGATTCC GGGCCGATGGACAGGGGGTCCCGCTTCCTTTTGTACAAGAGTATTACGGT CAGCGTGCATCGGTTCCTGGCACCCTCCTCATCACCGAAGCAACAGACAT CACCCCCAAGGCGATGGGTTACAAACATGTCCCGGGGATATGGAGTGAGC CGCAGCGCGAGGCGTGGAGAGAGATTGTTTCTAGAGTCCATTCGAAAAAA TGCTTTATTTTCTGCCAGTTATGGGCGACCGGCCGCGCCGCAGATCCGGA CGTACTCGCCGACATGAAGGACCTGATCTCTAGTAGCGCCGTGCCTGTAG AAGAGAAGGGACCTCTTCCCCGAGCTCTGACTGAGGACGAAATCCAGCAG TGCATCGCAGATTTTGCGCAGGCGGCCCGAAACGCCATCAATGCTGGGTT CGATGGGGTGGAGATCCATGGTGCCAATGGGTACCTCATCGACCAGTTCA CACAGAAGTCTTGCAACCACCGCCAGGATCGATGGGGCGGAAGCATCGAG AATCGAGCTCGTTTTGCGGTCGAGGTAACACGGGCGGTTATCGAGGCCGT GGGTGCCGATCGTGTCGGCGTCAAACTCTCCCCCTACAGTCAGTATCTGG GGATGGGAACAATGGACGAGCTTGTGCCACAGTTTGAGTATCTCATTGCC CAGATGCGGCGATTGGATGTCGCATATCTCCATCTTGCCAACTCCCGATG GCTTGATGAGGAAAAGCCCCATCCTGACCCTAATCATGAGGTGTTTGTGC GTGTCTGGGGTCAATCCTCACCTATCCTGCTGGCAGGCGGGTATGATGCG GCATCGGCAGAGAAGGTGACGGAGCAGATGGCGGCAGCGACTTACACCAA TGTGGCCATTGCTTTTGGGAGGTACTTTATCTCGACTCCAGACCTGCCCT TTCGGGTCATGGCTGGCATCCAGCTTCAAAAGTACGATCGTGCCTCTTTC TATAGCACGCTATCAAGAGAAGGCTACCTTGATTACCCTTTCAGCGCTGA ATATATGGCATTGCATAATTTCCCCGTCTAA

GenBank: XM_751040.1 Amino Acid Sequence (Deduced from Above)

MREEPSSAQLFKPLKVGRCHLQHRMIMAPTTRFRADGQGVPLPFVQEYYG QRASVPGILLITEATDITPKAMGYKHVPGIWSEPQREAWREIVSRVHSKK CFIFCQLWATGRAADPDVLADMKDLISSSAVPVEEKGPLPRALTEDEIQQ CIADFAQAARNAINAGFDGVEIHGANGYLIDQFTQKSCNHRQDRWGGSIE NRARFAVEVTRAVIEAVGADRVGVKLSPYSQYLGMGTMDELVPQFEYLIA QMRRLDVAYLHLANSRWLDEEKPHPDPNHEVFVRVWGQSSPILLAGGYDA ASAEKVTEQMAAATYTNVAIAFGRYFISTPDLPFRVMAGIQLQKYDRASF YSTLSREGYLDYPFSAEYMALHNFPV

Epichloë festucae var. lolii×Epichloë typhina Isolate Lp1 easA Note on the Name of the Fungus

Genes easA and cloA were cloned from the fungus “Epichloë festucae var. lolii×Epichloë typhina isolate Lp1”. This is one name for a single fungus with a hybrid origin; thus, the apparent multiple names within a long name. In the original disclosure, the fungus was called Neotyphodium lolii×Epichloë typhina isolate Lp1. After we submitted that disclosure, the fungus was renamed Epichloë festucae var. lolii×Epichloë typhina isolate Lp1.

Nucleotide Sequence (Coding Sequence, which for This Gene Naturally Lacks Introns)

ATGTCAACTTCAAATCTTTTCACGCCGCTCCAATTTGGAAAATGTCTCCT CCAGCACAAGCTAGTCCTCTCACCGATGACTCGTTTTCGTGCGGATAATG AAGGCGTCCCGCTTCCCTATGTCAAGACTTACTACTGTCAACGAGCATCT CTCCCTGGCACCCTGCTTCTTACCGAAGCTACTGCCATCTCTCGCCGAGC CAGAGGGTTTCCCAATGTCCCCGGGATTTGGAGTCAGGAGCAAATTGCAG GCTGGAAAGAGGTAGTTGATGCTGTGCATGCGAAGGGGTCTTATATCTGG CTGCAGCTTTGGGCGACTGGACGAGCAGCCGAGGTTGGTGTTCTGAAAGC GAATGGATTTGATCTCGTATCCAGCAGTGCCGTTCCAGTCTCCCCCGGTG AGCCCACACCCCGGGCGCTCAGCGACGATGAGATCAACTCATACATCGGT GATTTCGTTCAAGCAGCCAAAAATGCAGTCCTAGAAGCAGGATTTGACGG AGTCGAACTCCACGGTGCCAATGGATTTCTCATCGATCAGTTTCTCCAAT CTCCTTGCAACCAACGTACCGATCAATGGGGCGGTTGCATTGAGAATCGC TCACGGTTCGGTCTTGAAATCACCCGGCGAGTCATCGACGCTGTCGGTAA AGACCATGTGGGCATGAAGCTTTCCACTTGGAGTACCTTCCAGGGAATGG GCACCATGGACGACCTCATACCTCAGTTCGAGCATTTCATCATGCGCCTT CGTGAGATAGGCATTGCCTATCTACACCTTGCTAACTCTCGCTGGGTAGA GGAGGAAGACCCCACCATCAGAACACATCCAGATATTCATAATGAGACTT TTGTGCGCATGTGGGGGAAAGAGAAGCCTGTCCTTTTGGCTGGTGGCTAC GGCCCGGAGTCCGCCAAGCTTGTGGTAGATGAAACATACTCTGACCACAA GAACATCGGTGTCGTTTTTGGACGACACTATATATCCAACCCAGATCTTC CATTCCGGCTGAAAATGGGACTCCCTCTTCAAAAGTACAATCGGGAAACT TTCTACATTCCGTTCTCTGACGAGGGATACTTGGATTACCCCTATAGTGA GGAATACATAACAGAGAACAAGAAGCAGGCAGTTCTAGCATAA

GenBank: KC989613.1 Amino Acid Sequence (Deduced from Above)

MSTSNLFTPLQFGKCLLQHKLVLSPMTRFRADNEGVPLPYVKTYYCQRAS LPGTLLLTEATAISRRARGFPNVPGIWSQEQIAGWKEVVDAVHAKGSYIW LQLWATGRAAEVGVLKANGFDLVSSSAVPVSPGEPTPRALSDDEINSYIG DFVQAAKNAVLEAGEDGVELHGANGELIDQFLQSPCNQRTDQWGGCIENR SREGLEITRRVIDAVGKDHVGMKLSTWSTFQGMGTMDDLIPQFEHFIMRL REIGIAYLHLANSRWVEEEDPTIRTHPDIHNETFVRMWGKEKPVLLAGGY GPESAKLVVDETYSDHKNIGVVFGRHYISNPDLPFRLKMGLPLQKYNRET FYIPFSDEGYLDYPYSEEYITENKKQAVLA

Epichloë festucae var. lolii×Epichloë typhina Isolate Lp1 cloA Nucleotide Sequence (Coding Sequence with Introns)

ATGATATTACCATGGTTATCCCAGCTTCAATCGGTCTCACTAGGGACGAT TTTCCTCACGCTATTCCTCGTTATATTGACTCCTTTGGTTTTCACAAGCG TTTACCGTCTGTATTTTCATCCTCTTCGCAAAATTCCTGGACCACGAACC GGGGGTTTGACAAGTTTCTATGGGTTCTATTGGAACTGGATACGAGATGA AGGATACTCTAAGCTCTTCAATCCCCTGCATAAACAATATAGTAAGGTTT ATTTCCCGAATAAATACCCCTTGTGAATGCTAAGATGCATCAAGATTCCC ATATCATACGTATCGGCCCAAACCATGTTCACATCAACCAACCGCAAGCT TTTGATGAGTTCGTACAAGACTCCTCTACACTTCTAAACTGTGGAGGGCT CACACAAATAAAAATTAGGATATTCAAAGTTGGAACAACATGGCGCAAAG ACAGCTCATTTTACAAGTATTTTAACGGCTTGGACGCCATGATTGAGCCG ACGCAATATCGCACCTACCGAACTCACTTGGCCCCTTTATACGCACAACG CTCCATTGATGGCTTAACACCAAAGCTCCATGACGACCTCGTGGTAACTG CCGAAAGGATGGCCAAGAGCATCGAAAATGGTGAACCTGTGAACATGGTG AAGATATTGCGGACATTGAGTGTAAGTATATAGTGGTTGTTCAAAAACCA CTGTATTTCGACTAACGGCCAACGGGAATAGACCTCAATGATGCTTTATA CTTTGTATTCGCAGGACATCCCGCTCTCTCAATATGATGGGTATCACCCG TTTCTAGAAGCTTTTGAGCTGCTCATGACCCAAAGTTGGCTAAGTGAGTC TGTATCACATTTCAGGTCACAGTTTGCTTTATTGTATACAGGAACGCTGA TAATTTGTTTCTGTACAAAGTGATCAATTATCCCATGATGGGTATGATCC TTGGCCTAATTCCCGGCACGAGCTTTGCGAAATTCAATGCCGCTTTCGGA ACCTTCTTGAAGGTTAGTTAACTTGCGGAGTAACAAGGGACAAAGCACAC AAATTGCTAAAAGAATGTTAATTTACAGTACTGTAAAGAGTGGAACGACG AGGATGAACGCATTCAAAAGCTTGAAACTGCTGAATCACTGCGGGACTCC CACATGAAACGATACCTTGCCATTGACCCAAATAACGAGATCAAAAAGAA GGTCGTGCCGCATCCCCTGGAGGATATATTTAACTTTATCGCAGGCGGTA GTGACACTACTTCATATACAGCTGCATGTGCATTCTTCCATGTTCTCTCG TCGTCTGAGGTGCACTCTAAGCTCGTGGCGGAGCTCGATCAAGCTTCTTC AGTGATCAGGGATACCTTTGATTACAATAAGATTCAAAACTTGCCATATC TGGTGTGTATACGATTAAGAGTTTACCTATCATCATTTTTCCCGGACCCT CTTCTGAAAGTAGGCTCTAACCATGGATGTTGCAGAATGCCGTGATCAAG GAGACGCTTCGTATCTCTTGTCCGGTACCAGGGTGTCTTCCCCGAGTCGT CCCTGAGGGGGGAATGAATCTGGGTTCAGTAAATCTTCCAGCCGGTGTAA GCTCCATTTATACAACCTTGTATAAGACTAGTGACTTGCTAACGTTGTGA TATGCGAACAGACAGTGGTGTCAATCTCCCAGCTAGCCATCCACTTTAAT GAGACGATTTTCTCGTCACCTGACAAGTTCATCCCCGAAAGATGGCTTGG GGACGATAGAAAATCGATTGAGAAGTGGAATATCGCTTTTAGCAGAGGAC CTCGACAGTGCATTGGGACAACGTAAGTCTTCCCCCCCCCCCGATCCGGT GATAGTATCAAAATACCACCATTCTCTGCTATTGTAGATGAATGAATGCT GAGTTTTAACGTTTTTTGTTCCATAGTCTCGCTTATATGGAACTACGCTG CGTCCTCGCTTATTTCTTCTCCCGCTTTGAATTTAAGTTAACGGGTAGCT GTGGAGATAAGTTGCGCTGGGTTGATCGATTTGTCTCAGTCAACTTGGAC GATGTCGAGGTCACTATCGTGAAGGACCG ATGGGCGTAA

GenBank: KC989583.1 Amino Acid Sequence (Deduced from Above)

MILPWLSQLQSVSLGTIFLTLFLVILTPLVFTSVYRLYFHPLRKIPGPRT GGLTSFYGFYWNWIRDEGYSKLFNPLHKQYNSHIIRIGPNHVHINQPQAF DEIFKVGTTWRKDSSFYKYFNGLDAMIEPTQYRTYRTHLAPLYAQRSIDG LTPKLHDDLVVTAERMAKSIENGEPVNMVKILRTLSTSMMLYTLYSQDIP LSQYDGYHPFLEAFELLMTQSWLMINYPMMGMILGLIPGTSFAKFNAAFG TFLKYCKEWNDEDERIQKLETAESLRDSHMKRYLAIDPNNEIKKKVVPHP LEDIFNFIAGGSDTTSYTAACAFFHVLSSSEVHSKLVAELDQASSVIRDT FDYNKIQNLPYLNAVIKETLRISCPVPGCLPRVVPEGGMNLGSVNLPAGT VVSISQLAIHFNETIFSSPDKFIPERWLGDDRKSIEKWNIAFSRGPRQCI GTTLAYMELRCVLAYFFSRFEFKLTGSCGDKLRWVDRFVSVNLDDVEVTI VKDRWA

The Aspergillus fumigatus ergot alkaloid pathway is set forth in FIG. 14. Ergot alkaloid pathway of Aspergillus fumigatus. Roles for genes are indicated between intermediates or products. Double arrow indicates one or more uncharacterized intermediates: DMAPP, dimethylallylpyrophosphate; DMAT, dimethylallyltryptophan; Trp, tryptophan.

FIG. 8 shows Dual-gene transformation construct (construct corresponding to SEQ ID NO:4) to express easA and cloA from Epichloë festucae var. lolii×Epichloë typhina isolate Lp1 in Aspergillus fumigatus. The coding sequences and 3′ untranslated sequences from easA and cloA were joined divergently and at alternate ends of the bidirectional easA/easG promoter from Aspergillus fumigatus (GenBank: NC_007195.1). The construct was prepared by fusion PCR, and the sequence of the completed construct is provided below (in a manner that corresponds to the diagram set forth in FIG. 8). The first shaded portion corresponds to the reverse complement of the Epichloë festucae var. lolii×Epichloë typhina isolate Lp1 easA sequence (including 264 bp of 3′ untranslated sequence), the central, unshaded portion is the Aspergillus fumigatus promoter, and the second shaded portion is the Epichloë festucae var. lolii×Epichloë typhina isolate Lp1 cloA sequences (including 634 bp of 3′ untranslated sequence).

AGTGGAGGTATCGACGCGAACTTTTCAGGTCATGGAAGTGTGGAGTATGGTCTACAGGCTTGGAGGACTTTGTATTG ATTCTGGCATCGATAACTGAGCAGACAAGACGCCATTCGGGCACAATTTCTTTCTGCTGGACAATTCTCATACAGCC ATGTCGTCCCCCTTGCCGAGCCAACGCCACTATTTGTTTATGTGTCTATTATTCGATATTCACGGGGAAAGGTGAGC TGACTTGTACGTACTCTGTCTACTCCAATGCCCTCACCTTTCTTCAGCTGCAGAGCCGTGGAGCGGAACTCCTTGCT TCCCCGTTTACATACTTGGGAATTGAAATCAGGACCCATATCTCCATGACGAGTCTTTTATCATGCACATGGGAAAT GGCGGTCAGTTAAAACATGATCAATACTACTGTTACGCCTTTACTCCAATGCACCGATAGCTAATAAGAAGAGCTCC TCCACCCTCCCACAAAGAGGCAAGGGAGAGCCAGAAGAGACTGAGGGTGGTGGGCGAAAACAGCTCCAAGCGTATAT GTGCTACTGTGCCCAAGACTTCACCGTACTTTCTCAATGTGTGAATAATGAGGACTAGACGAGACACTCTTAATAAG AGATCATCTACCAGAAAGGGCGTACGTTACTACCAAACTCTGTGTGATTAAATGTACACACATTCTTTCAACAAACA

Recipient Strain Aspergillus fumigatus easA Knockout Description

The Aspergillus fumigatus easA knockout mutant was prepared previously. The properties of the mutant are described in detail in the following publication: Coyle, C. M., Cheng, J. Z., O'Connor, S. E., Panaccione, D. G. 2010. An old yellow enzyme gene controls the branch point between Aspergillus fumigatus and Claviceps purpurea ergot alkaloid pathways. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76:3898-3903.

Briefly, the coding sequence of Aspergillus fumigatus easA (unshaded below) was disrupted after nucleotide 777 of the 1131-nt coding sequence by insertion of a plasmid, pCR2.1 (shaded below) (product of Invitrogen, Life Technologies, Grand Island, N.Y.).

ATGCGAGAAGAACCGTCCTCTGCTCAGCTATTCAAGCCGCTCAAGGTGGGAAGATGTCATCTCCAACATAGGATGAT CATGGCGCCGACAACTCGATTCCGGGCCGATGGACAGGGGGTCCCGCTTCCTTTTGTACAAGAGTATTACGGTCAGC GTGCATCGGTTCCTGGCACCCTCCTCATCACCGAAGCAACAGACATCACCCCCAAGGCGATGGGTTACAAACATGTC CCGGGGATATGGAGTGAGCCGCAGCGCGAGGCGTGGAGAGAGATTGTTTCTAGAGTCCATTCGAAAAAATGCTTTAT TTTCTGCCAGTTATGGGCGACCGGCCGCGCCGCAGATCCGGACGTACTCGCCGACATGAAGGACCTGATCTCTAGTA GCGCCGTGCCTGTAGAAGAGAAGGGACCTCTTCCCCGAGCTCTGACTGAGGACGAAATCCAGCAGTGCATCGCAGAT TTTGCGCAGGCGGCCCGAAACGCCATCAATGCTGGGTTCGATGGGGTGGAGATCCATGGTGCCAATGGGTACCTCAT CGACCAGTTCACACAGAAGTCTTGCAACCACCGCCAGGATCGATGGGGCGGAAGCATCGAGAATCGAGCTCGTTTTG CGGTCGAGGTAACACGGGCGGTTATCGAGGCCGTGGGTGCCGATCGTGTCGGCGTCAAACTCTCCCCCTACAGTCAG TATCTGGGGATGGGAACAATGGACGAGCTTGTGCCACAGTTTGAGTATCTCATTGCCCAGATGCGGCGATTGGATGT

CTCCCGATGGCTTGATGAGGAAAAGCCCCATCCTGACCCTAATCATGAGGTGTTTGTGCGTGTCTGGGGTCAATCCT CACCTATCCTGCTGGCAGGCGGGTATGATGCGGCATCGGCAGAGAAGGTGACGGAGCAGATGGCGGCAGCGACTTAC ACCAATGTGGCCATTGCTTTTGGGAGGTACTTTATCTCGACTCCAGACCTGCCCTTTCGGGTCATGGCTGGCATCCA GCTTCAAAAGTACGATCGTGCCTCTTTCTATAGCACGCTATCAAGAGAAGGCTACCTTGATTACCCTTTCAGCGCTG AATATATGGCATTGCATAATTTCCCCGTCTAA

Description of Disarming Mutation in the alb1 Gene of Aspergillus fumigatus

Nucleotides 1,278 through 2,705 of the 6,662-bp coding sequence of the alb1 gene of Aspergillus fumigatus (GenBank: XP_756095.1) were deleted by homologous recombination with a construct designed as illustrated. The replacement of 1,427 bp of alb1 sequences with any sequences would create a similar knockout mutation. Successful knockout of the alb1 gene results in an albino fungus (whereas the wild type is dark gray-green) and a loss of virulence as experimentally demonstrated by Tsai et al. (1998). Tsai, H. F., Chang, Y. C., Washburn, R. G., Wheeler, M. H., and Kwon-Chung, K. J. 1998. The developmentally regulated alb1 gene of Aspergillus fumigatus: Its role in modulation of conidial morphology and virulence. Journal of Bacteriology 180:3031-3038.

Nucleotide Sequence of the alb1 Gene of Aspergillus fumigatus (Required for Melanin Biosynthesis) SEQ ID NO:6

ATGGAGGATCTCCATCGCCTCTATCTCTTTGGAGATCAGACAATCAGCTG TGACGAAGGCCTCCGCAACCTCTTGCAGGCGAAGAACCATACTATCGTCG CCTCGTTCATCGAAAGATGCTTCCATGCACTGCGTCAGGAAATCACCAGG CTGCCGCCTTCTCAGCGCACGCTCTTCCCGCGGTTTACCAGCATCGCCGA CTTGCTTGCTCAGCATCGTGAGTCAGGGACAAACCCTGCGCTGGGGAGCG CGCTGACCTGTATCTATCAACTGGGGTGTTTCATCGAGTAAGTCGCCTTG CAAGGTATTCTGGACTGTGGCTGATCCTGGATAGTTACCACGGTGATCGT GGACATCCATATCCGTCCTCGGATGACGGCCTTCTGGGTTCATGTACGGG TATGTTGAGTTGCACCGCAGTCAGCTCGTGCAAGAATGTCGGAGAACTAC TGCCGCTGGCAGTCGAGATTGTCAGATTGACTATCCACCTCGGGCTCTGT GTCATGAGAGTCCGAGAGATGGTGGACTCGACGGAGTCATCCTCCGGCAG CTGGTCAATCCTCGTCTCGGAGATCAACGAGGCAGATGCCACCAGCCTGA TTGGCAATTTTGTCAAGAAGCGAGTAAGTACAGTGTACGACCATTGGAAG AAGAATATTGACAATACCAGGGAATTCCCCCCTCGTCGCAACCGTACATC AGCGCGGTTGGATCGAAAGGTCTCACCATCAGTGCACCACCCGAAATTCT CGACAACTTTATCGAAGAAGGTCTTCCGAAGGAGTACAAACACTTCAAGG CTCCTGGAGTCAGTGGTCCGTACCACGCGCCCCATCTGTACAATGACCGA GAAATTCGCAATATCCTCAGCTTCTGCTCCGAGGACGTGATTCTGCGCCA CACACCACGGGTTCCACTGGTCTCGAGCAACACAGGGAAGCTGGTCCAGG TAAAGAGCATGCGTGATCTGCTAAAGGTGGCTCTGGAGGAAATCCTCTTG CGCAAGATCTGCTGGGACAAAGTCACCGAGTCATGCCTTTCCATCGTTCA GGCTACCAACGACAAGCCCTGGAGGATTCTCCCTATCGCCAGCAACGCCA CGCAAGGCTTGGTTACTGCACTCCAGCGTATGGGAAACTGCCAGATCGAG GTAGACACCGGGGTCGGCGCTCCTCAAATGGACCCGGCCGCTCCCAATGC AACGGGCAATGCTTCACGGTCTAAGATCGCCATCATCGGAATGTCTGGGC GGTTCCCTGAGGCAGATGGTATCGAGGCCTTTTGGGACTTGTTGTATAAA GGTCTGGATGTTCACAAAAAGGTCCCACCTGAGCGATGGGATGTGGACGC GCACGTGGACTTGACCGGCACAAAGAGAAACACCAGCAAGGTCCCATACG GTTGCTGGATCAACGAGCCCGGCCTGTTCGATGCCCGTTTCTTCAACATG TCTCCTCGGGAAGCACTCCAGGCAGACCCTGCGCAGCGACTGGCGCTGCT GTCGGCTTACGAGGCCCTGGAAATGGCAGGCTTCGTTCCGAACAGCAGTC CATCGACTCAGAGAGACCGCGTCGGCATCTTCATGGGTATGACCAGCGAC GACTACCGTGAGATCAACAGCGGTCAGGATATCGACACATACTTCATTCC TGGAGGGAACCGAGCATTCACGCCTGGTCGTATCAACTACTACTTCAAGT TCAGTGGGCCTAGTGTCAGTGTCGACACCGCCTGCTCGTCCAGTCTTGCT GCCATCCACTTGGCCTGCAACGCCATCTGGAGGAATGACTGCGATACCGC CATCAGTGGTGGTGTAAACCTCCTTACTAACCCGGACAACCATGCCGGTC TGGATCGCGGCCACTTTCTGTCTCGGACAGGAAACTGCAACACCTTCGAC GACGGCGCGGATGGCTACTGCCGGGCGGACGGGGTGGGCACGATCGTCCT GAAGCGCCTGGAGGATGCTGAGGCTGACAACGATCCCATTCTGGGAGTCA TTAACGCGGCCTACACCAACCACTCGGCCGAAGCCGTCTCCATTACCCGC CCTCACGTCGGCGCGCAGGCGTTCATCTTCAACAAGCTCCTCAACGACAC CAACACCAACCCACACGAGATTGGCTACGTGGAAATGCACGGAACAGGTA CTCAGGCGGGCGACGCCGTTGAGATGCAGTCCGTCCTCGACGTCTTCGCA CCCGACTACCGCCGCGGGCCGGCCAATTCCCTTTATCTGGGTTCCGCCAA ATCGAACATCGGCCACGGGGAATCAGCTTCCGGAGTGACATCCTTGGTCA AGGTCCTGTTGATGTTGAAGCAGAACATGATCCCGCCCCACTGCGGAATC AAAACAAAGATCAATCACAACTTCCCCACGGATCTGGCCCAGCGCAATGT CCATATTGCCTTCAAGCCAACCCCCTGGAACAGACCGGTCTCGGGCAAGC GGAAGATGTTCATCAACAACTTCTCTGCTGCGGGCGGCAACACCGCTCTC CTGATGGAAGATGCCCCCCTGCGTGAGATCACAGGGCAGGATCCCCGGAA TGTGCATGTGGTGTCTGTGACGGCACGGTCGCAGACTGCGCTGAAGCGTA ACATCAACGCGTTGATCAAGTACATCAACACGCATGCGCCCTCGTCGCCG GCGAATGAGCGACGGTTCCTGGCCAGTCTGGCTTATACTACTACCGCGCG TCGCATGCATCACCCCTTCAGGGTCACCGCAGTGGGGTCGAGCGTGAAGG ATATCCGGGAGGTCCTGCGTCAACGTGCCGATCAGGATGTCACCACCCCC GTCCCTGCGACAGCCCCCAAGACTGGGTTCGTCTTCACCGGTCAGGGAGC TCAGTACACAGGGATGGGCAAGCAATTGTACGAGGACTGTGCCACATTCA GAAGCACGATTCACCGACTCGATTGCATTGCTCAAAGCCAAGGGTTCCCC TCCATTCTACCGTTGATTGACGGTAGTATGCCTGTGGAAGAACTGAGCCC TGTCGTGACCCAGCTAGGAACCACATGCCTGCAGATGGCTCTGGTCGACT ACTGGAAGGGTCTTGGTGTCACTCCTGCGTTTGTTCTGGGACATAGTCTG GGAGACTACGCAGCGTTGAACAGTGCGGGCGTCTTGTCCACCAGCGATAC GATTTACCTCTGTGGCCGTCGCGCGCAGCTTCTCACGCAGCAGTGTCAGA TGGGGACCCACGCCATGCTTGCCGTCAAGGCTGCCGTCTCCGAGATTCAA CATCTGCTCGATCCAGACGTCCACGCCGTCGCCTGCATCAATGGACCAAC CGAAACGGTCATCAGCGGGCTCAGCGGTCGAATCGATGAATTGGCACAGC AGTGCTCCAGCCAAAATCTCAAGTCCACCAAGCTCAAAGTGCCGTTCGCG TTCCACTCGGCCCAAGTGGACCCGATTCTCGAGTCGTTCGAAGAGAGTGC TCAGGGGGTCATCTTCCACGAACCTGCCGTCCCGTTCGTCTCTGCTCTGA ACGGAGAGGTAATCACGGAGTCGAACTACAGCGTGCTGGGCCCCACGTAT ATGGTGAAGCATTGTCGGGAAGCCGTCAATTTCCTTGGCGCTCTTGAGGC GACCCGGCACGCCAAGTTGATGGATGACGCCACACTCTGGGTCGAAGTGG GATCCCATCCCATTTGCTCGGGTATGATCAAGTCCACCTTTGGCCCGCAG GCGACTACCGTTCCTTCGCTCCGCCGCGACGACGATCCATGGAAAATCCT CTCCAACAGCCTCTCCACGCTGCACCTTGCAGGCGTCGAGCTCAACTGGA AGGAATTCCACCAGGACTTCAGCTCGGCTCACGAGGTTCTCGAGTTACCC CGGTACGGCTGGGATCTGAAGAATTACTGGATCCCCTACACGAACAACTT CTGCCTTACCAAGGGGGGTCCCGTTACCGCGGAGGTATCGGCGCCCAAGT CTACCTTCCTCACGACCGCGGCGCAAAAGATTGTGGAATGCCGGGAGGAC GGAAACACGGCGACATTGGTAGTTGAGAATAATATCGCAGAGCCAGAACT CAACCGTGTTATCCAAGGTCACAAGGTCAATGGAGTGGCTCTTACGCCAT CGGTGAGTTTGAACTGCACTCACCACTCTGGAATAGAAAGCTAATCCCTA TACGTAGTCTCTCTACGCTGATATTGCGCAAACGCTTGTCGACCACTTGA TCACAAAATACAAACCAGAGTACCAGGGCCTAGGTCTGGACGTGTGCGAC ATGACTGTGCCCAAGCCTCTCATAGCCAAGTCCGGAGATCAATTCTTCAG AGTCTCGGCGGTGATGAGCTGGGCCGAGCAGAAGGCGAGCGTGCAAGTCT GGTCTGTGAACGGAGACGGCAAGAAAATGGCCGAGCACGCCCATTGCACT GTCAAGCTCTTCAACTGCGCCGAGCGCGAGACGGAGTGGAAGAGAAACTC CTACCTCATCAAACGAAGTGTCTCTCTCCTGCAGGACAAGGCGCAGACCG GCGAGGCTCACCGCATGCAGCGAGGAATGGTGTACAAGCTGTTTGCTGCT CTGGTGGACTATGACGAAAACTTCAAGGCCATCCAGGAAGTCATCCTGGA CAGCAATGAGCATGAAGCCACGGCGCGAGTCAAGTTCCAAGCCCCTCCGG GCAACTTCCACCGGAACCCCTTCTGGATCGATAGTTTCGGGCATCTGTCT GGGTTCATCATGAATGCGAGCGATGCGACCGACTCCAAGAACCAGGTATT CGTCAACCACGGATGGGATTCCATGCGCTGCCTGAAGAAGTTCTCCGGCG ACGCTACATACCAGACATATGTGAAGATGCAGCCGTGGAAGGACTCCATC TGGGCGGGTGACGTCTATGTCTTTGAAGGGGATGACATTATCGCTGTGTA CGGGGGGGTCAAGGTATGTCTCTAAATTACAATTGAAAAGAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAATAATTTTACTAACGGCGGCCTATACAGTTCCAAGCGCTGGCT CGAAAGATCTTGGATACCGTTCTCCCTCCAATCGGAGGATCCAAGACCGT CGGTGCGCCGGCGCCGGCGCCAGCAAGGCCCATTGGGGAGAAGAAAGCTC CTCCCCCGATCAAGGTCACTGGTCCTCCCAAGCCCAACCCCAGCAACGCA CGTGCTGCATCACCGGTGGTTGCACGGGCATTGGAGATCCTGGCTGCGGA GGTCGGTCTGTCCGAGGCTGAAATGACCGACAGTCTCAACTTCGCCGACT ACGGGGTCGACTCGCTGCTTTCCTTGACGGTGACCGGCAGGTATCGTGAA GAACTGAACCTTGATCTGGAATCGTCCGTGTTCATGGATTACCCGACCAT CAAGGATTTCAAGGCCTACCTGGCCGAGAAGGGCTTCTGCGACAGCAGCA GTCCCGAGCCGTCCAGCGAGCCCGAGTCCAAGTTCTCGTTCAACAGCGAC GCATCATCCGAAGCTTCCAGCGGACTTACCACTCCTGGAATTACATCTCC TGTGAAGCATGAGGCGCCCAAGGGCGGACAGAACAAAGTCTGGAAAAGCA TCTGCAGTATCATCGCCGAGGAAATCGGGGTGTCGGTCGGAGACATTGAC CCGAGCGACAACTTGCCAGAGATGGGCATGGACTCGCTGCTGTCCCTGAC CGTGCTCGGTCGGATCCGAGAGACACTTGGCATGGATCTGCCGGCAGAGT TCTTCCTCGAGAACCCGACCCTCGATGCGGTGCAAGCTGCGCTGGATCTG AAGCCCAAGATGGTCCCCGCCGCGACGCCGGTCTCCGAACCCATCCGGCT CCTCGAGACAATCGACAACACGAAGCCCAAGACGTCTCGACATCCTCCGG CGACCTCGATTCTTCTCCAGGGCAACCCCCACACCGCCACCAAGAAGCTC TTCATGTTCCCGGACGGCTCGGGCTCCGCCTCCTCCTACGCGACGATTCC GGCCCTCTCCCCGGATGTCTGTGTGTATGGTCTCAATTGCCCTTACATGA AGACGCCTCAGAACCTCACGTGCAGTCTTGACGAGCTGACCGAGCCCTAT CTGGCGGAGATCCGCCGACGTCAGCCCAAGGGACCGTACAGCTTTGGTGG TTGGTCGGCGGGTGGCATCTGCGCCTTTGACGCCGCGCGCCAGCTGATCC TCGAGGAAGGGGAGGAGGTGGAGCGGTTGCTGCTGCTCGACTCGCCCTTC CCCATCGGTCTGGAGAAGCTGCCTCCTCGTCTGTACAAGTTCTTCAACTC GATTGGGCTCTTTGGCGACGGGAAGCGGGCGCCTCCCGACTGGCTCCTCC CCCACTTCCTCGCCTTCATCGACTCGCTCGACGCCTACAAAGCGGTTCCG CTGCCGTTCAACGACAGCAAATGGGCTAAGAAGATGCCCAAGACCTACCT GATCTGGGCCAAGGACGGAGTCTGCGGCAAGCCGGGCGATCCCCGGCCGG AGCCTGCAGAGGATGGATCCGAGGACCCCCGCGAAATGCAGTGGCTGCTC AACGACCGAACGGATCTGGGACCAAACAAATGGGATACTTTGGTGGGCCC GCAAAACATTGGCGGAATCCATGTGATGGAGGACGCGAATCATTTCACCA TGACGACGGGACAGAAGGCGAAGGAGTTGTCGCAATTCATGGCCACGGCC ATGAGTTCCTAG

Description of Construct Designed to Mutate alb1 of Aspergillus fumigatus

The unshaded sequences are from Aspergillus fumigatus alb1 to help direct the knockout construct to the alb1 locus in the fungus. In this particular construct, the sequences with lighter gray shading are from the alcA gene of Aspergillus nidulans (GenBank: DQ076245.1), and the darker gray shaded sequences are from the brlA gene of Aspergillus fumigatus (GenBank: XM_747933.1). The construct SEQ ID NO:7 was assembled from known sequences.

Nucleotide Sequence of the alb1 Knock Out Construct

GATAGCGGCCGCCTTGCAGGCGAAGAACCATACTATCGTCGCCTCGTTCATCGAAAGATGCTTCCATGCACTGCGTC AGGAAATCACCAGGCTGCCGCCTTCTCAGCGCACGCTCTTCCCGCGGTTTACCAGCATCGCCGACTTGCTTGCTCAG CATCGTGAGTCAGGGACAAACCCTGCGCTGGGGAGCGCGCTGACCTGTATCTATCAACTGGGGTGTTTCATCGAGTA AGTCGCCTTGCAAGGTATTCTGGACTGTGGCTGATCCTGGATAGTTACCACGGTGATCGTGGACATCCATATCCGTC CTCGGATGACGGCCTTCTGGGTTCATGTACGGGTATGTTGAGTTGCACCGCAGTCAGCTCGTGCAAGAATGTCGGAG AACTACTGCCGCTGGCAGTCGAGATTGTCAGATTGACTATCCACCTCGGGCTCTGTGTCATGAGAGTCCGAGAGATG GTGGACTCGACGGAGTCATCCTCCGGCAGCTGGTCAATCCTCGTCTCGGAGATCAACGAGGCAGATGCCACCAGCCT GATTGGCAATTTTGTCAAGAAGCGAGTAAGTACAGTGTACGACCATTGGAAGAAGAATATTGACAATACCAGGGAAT TCCCCCCTCGTCGCAACCGTACATCAGCGCGGTTGGATCGAAAGGTCTCACCATCAGTGCACCACCCGAAATTCTCG ACAACTTTATCGAAGAAGGTCTTCCGAAGGAGTACAAACACTTCAAGGCTCCTGGAGTCAGTGGTCCGTACCACGCG CCCCATCTGTACAATGACCGAGAAATTCGCAATATCCTCAGCTTCTGCTCCGAGGACGTGATTCTGCGCCACACACC ACGGGTTCCACTGGTCTCGAGCAACACAGGGAAGCTGGTCCAGGTAAAGAGCATGCGTGATCTGCTAAAGGTGGCTC TGGAGGAAATCCTCTTGCGCAAGATCTGCTGGGACAAAGTCACCGAGTCATGCCTTTCCATCGTTCAGGCTACCAAC GACAAGCCCTGGAGGATTCTCCCTATCGCCAGCAACGCCACGCAAGGCTTGGTTACTGCACTCCAGCGTATGGGAAA CTGCCAGATCGAGGTAGACACCGGGGTCGGCGCTCCTCAAATGGACCCGGCCGCTCCCAATGCAACGGGCAATGCTT

CATCACCCCTTCAGGGTCACCGCAGTGGGGTCGAGCGTGAAGGATATCCGGGAGGTCCTGCGTCAACGTGCCGATCA GGATGTCACCACCCCCGTCCCTGCGACAGCCCCCAAGACTGGGTTCGTCTTCACCGGTCAGGGAGCTCAGTACACAG GGATGGGCAAGCAATTGTACGAGGACTGTGCCACATTCAGAAGCACGATTCACCGACTCGATTGCATTGCTCAAAGC CAAGGGTTCCCCTCCATTCTACCGTTGATTGACGGTAGTATGCCTGTGGAAGAACTGAGCCCTGTCGTGACCCAGCT AGGAACCACATGCCTGCAGATGGCTCTGGTCGACTACTGGAAGGGTCTTGGTGTCACTCCTGCGTTTGTTCTGGGAC ATAGTCTGGGAGACTACGCAGCGTTGAACAGTGCGGGCGTCTTGTCCACCAGCGATACGATTTACCTCTGTGGCCGT CGCGCGCAGCTTCTCACGCAGCAGTGTCAGATGGGGACCCACGCCATGCTTGCCGTCAAGGCTGCCGTCTCCGAGAT TCAACATCTGCTCGATCCAGACGTCCACGCCGTCGCCTGCATCAATGGACCAACCGAAACGGTCATCAGCGGGCTCA GCGGTCGAATCGATGAATTGGCACAGCAGTGCTCCAGCCAAAATCTCAAGTCCACCAAGCTCAAAGTGCCGTTCGCG TTCCACTCGGCCCAAGTGGACCCGATTCTCGAGTCGTTCGAAGAGAGTGCTCAGGGGGTCATCTTCCACGAACCTGC CGTCCCGTTCGTCTCTGCTCTGAACGGAGAGGTAATCACGGAGTCGAACTACAGCGTGCTGGGCCCCACGTATATGG TGAAGCATTGTCGGGAAGCCGTCAATTTCCTTGGCGCTCTTGAGGCGACCCGGCACGCCAAGTTGATGGATGACGCC ACACTCTGGGTCGAAGTGGGATCCCATCCCATTTGCTCGGGTATGATCAAGTCCACCTTTGGCGGCCGCAGAG

Whereas particular embodiments of this invention have been described for purposes of illustration, it will be understood by those persons skilled in the art that numerous variations of the details of the present invention may be made without departing from the invention as defined in the appended claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A strain of fungus comprising Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) and expressing one or more genes of the ergot alkaloid biosynthesis pathways from one or more fungus selected from the group consisting of: a. Epichloë festucae var. lolii×Epichloë typhina isolate Lp1 (E. sp. Lp1); b. Claviceps species; c. Claviceps africana (C. africana); d. Claviceps gigantea (C. gigantean); e. Periglandula species; and f. Epichloë coenophiala wherein gene easA or gene easM is inactivated in said A. fumigatus.
 2. The strain of claim 1, wherein said one or more genes of the ergot alkaloid biosynthesis are selected from the group consisting of: a. easA; and b. cloA.
 3. The strain of claim 2, wherein said gene easA is inactivated in said A. fumigatus, and said one or more fungus is E. sp. Lp1.
 4. The strain of claim 2, wherein said gene easA is inactivated in said A. fumigatus, and said one or more fungus is a Periglandula species or Epichloë coenophiala that produces lysergol.
 5. The strain of claim 2, wherein said gene easA is inactivated in said A. fumigatus, and said one or more fungi are a Periglandula species or Epichloë coenophiala and E. sp. Lp1, wherein said expressing gene easA is from a Periglandula species or Epichloë coenophiala and said expressing gene cloA is from E. sp. Lp1.
 6. The strain of claim 2, wherein said gene easA is inactivated in said A. fumigatus, and said one or more fungi are a Periglandula species or Epichloë coenophiala and E. sp. Lp1, wherein said expressing gene cloA is from a Periglandula species or Epichloë coenophiala and said expressing gene easA is from E. sp. Lp1.
 7. The strain of claim 2, wherein said gene easM is inactivated in A. fumigatus, said one or more fungus is E. sp. Lp1, and said expressing one or more genes of the ergot alkaloid biosynthesis is cloA.
 8. The strain of claim 2, wherein said gene easM is inactivated in A. fumigatus, said one or more fungus is C. africana, and said expressing one or more genes of the ergot alkaloid biosynthesis is cloA.
 9. The strain of claim 2, wherein said gene easM is inactivated in said A. fumigatus, said one or more fungus is C. gigantea, and said expressing one or more genes of the ergot alkaloid biosynthesis is cloA.
 10. A strain of fungus comprising a species of a fungus and expressing one or more genes of the ergot alkaloid biosynthesis pathways from one or more of said fungus, wherein said fungus has a pathway similar to A. fumigatus.
 11. The strain of claim 10, wherein said one or more genes of the ergot alkaloid biosynthesis are selected from the group consisting of: a. easA; and b. cloA.
 12. The strain of claim 11 wherein said easA or cloA genes from said ergot alkaloid producing fungi are functionally similar to the genes from Claviceps purpurea or any of Epichloë species.
 13. A method of producing ergot alkaloids in A. fumigatus comprising expressing ergot alkaloid synthesis genes from other fungi in A. fumigatus easA knockout or easM knockout, allowing native prenyl transferase EasL act on any ergot alkaloids so produced for producing prenylated alkaloids.
 14. A method of producing a festuclavine-accumulating strain of A. fumigatus comprising a knock-out of the easM allele.
 15. A method for producing lysergol comprising expressing P. sp. easA or Epichloë coenophiala easA and Epichloë sp. Lp1 cloA in a A. fumigatus easA knock-out strain for producing lysergol.
 16. A strain of fungus comprising SEQ ID NO:4.
 17. A strain of fungus comprising SEQ ID NO:7.
 18. A method of producing dihydrolysergic acid (DHLA) comprising inactivating gene easA in Metarhizium anisopliae, and expressing gene cloA from Claviceps africana in said Metarhizium anisopliae strain.
 19. A strain of fungus comprising Metarhizium anisopliae and expressing one or more genes of the ergot alkaloid biosynthesis pathways from one or more fungus selected from the group consisting of: a. Epichloë festucae var. lolii×Epichloë typhina isolate Lp1 (E. sp. Lp1); b. Claviceps species; c. Claviceps africana (C. africana); d. Claviceps gigantea (C. gigantean); e. Periglandula species; f. Epichloë coenophiala; g. Penicillium species; and h. Aspergillus fumigatus wherein gene easA is inactivated in said Metarhizium anisopliae.
 20. The strain of claim 19, wherein said one or more genes of the ergot alkaloid biosynthesis are selected from the group consisting of: a. easA; and b. cloA.
 21. The strain of claim 19, wherein said gene easA is inactivated in said Metarhizium anisopliae, and said one or more fungus is Claviceps africana.
 22. The strain of claim 20, wherein said one or more fungus is Claviceps africana, and said expressing one or more genes of the ergot alkaloid biosynthesis is cloA. 